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From giglediiglpic5@kwansei.ac.jp Sun Nov 15 06:31:58 1998
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Status: RO
--Adults Only--
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From owner-bioenergy@crest.org Wed Nov 18 06:17:29 1998
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From: "Bui Tuyen"
To:
Subject: Re: would appreciate your help
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Dear all,
I would appreciate if anybody can tell me what material is good for
greenhouse roofing or any site where I could find information on that.
Thanks in advance,
Bui Tuyen
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From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 10:12:59 1998
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From: aloysius@giasbm01.vsnl.net.in (Aloysius D'Souza)
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
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From owner-et-w1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE Tue Nov 17 10:42:09 1998
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Approved-By: Jacky Foo
Message-ID: <01BE11EF.2BB523E0@dialup162-3-41.swipnet.se>
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 05:36:10 +0100
Reply-To: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
Sender: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
From: Jacky Foo
Subject: IBS-GEN : Chihuahua - Mexico
To: ET-W1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Status: RO
----------forwarded
From: USP - Ajuyah
Hello Uwe - Greetings from Samoa.
I have closely followed your discussions from the first day to date and
want to know what the government of Mexico think of setting up an orphanage
at Chihuahua?. Also what private organizations (e.g. churches, mosques etc)
in Mexico think?. I don't want to dampen your enthusiasm but suggest to
grow inward first before you internationalize your needs. It is quite
unfortunate that 'human prototypes' are never in the rear view mirror of
funding agencies. See how you can generate fund internally before seeking
for the difference. I presume you don't have a figure yet on the total cost
of your orphanage. I agree with Jacky that you walk first before you run,
in-particular when it involves children that are products of stressful
circumstances.
Good Luck, and God Bless - Asifo.
From thomface2@earthlink.net Tue Nov 17 10:43:12 1998
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From owner-et-w1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE Tue Nov 17 10:43:13 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 05:36:00 +0100
Reply-To: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
Sender: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
From: Jacky Foo
Subject: ICIBS-AJUYAH : ensiled carcass of dead animals as pig feed
To: ET-W1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Status: RO
----------forwarded
From: USP - Ajuyah
Hello Tracey,
You Said:
>Could you direct me to sufficient information to present them that would
>uphold my concern? Or perhaps to information that could aide them in
>the complete composting of this material so as to reduce pathogens?
Answer: The article of Kharlakian H. of Novus International Inc.
addressed some of your concerns and I quote "....Silage production has the
potential to eliminate many pathogens from carcasses, including Salmonella
spp., Campylobacter jejuni, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, certain
strains of Newcastle disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis,
pseudorabies, porcine picornavirus, gram-negative bacilli and measles
(Wooley et al., 1981; Shotts et al., 1984; Murphy and Silbert, 1992;
Russell et al., 1993 and Cai et al., 1994)..........." Kharlakian went
further to say that ...."When poultry carcass silage was rendered under
laboratory conditions, either alone or mixed with fresh unfermented poultry
carcasses, it had very low microbial activity which was similar to the
microbial activity of rendered poultry byproducts produced from
non-fermented carcasses".
You said:
>The composting is incomplete because they have encountered tissue
>such as fat and skin.
Answer: I suggest mincing, autoclaving and centrifuging of the sheep
carcass prior to composting or ensiling may suffice. The first two
processes will facilitate the production of a homogenous sample and the
last process will partially separate water, protein, fat and bones. At the
extreme you could employ recoverable or recyclable organic solvent (e.g..
petroleum ether or chloroform+methanol) extraction technique of fat from
the rest of the sheep carcass biological components. The fat after removing
the organic solvent could be sold for profit to animal feed millers as
lard.
Please Tracey read the following articles in the references cited by
Kharlakian.
Cai, T., Pancorbo, O. C. Barnhart, H. M. Sander, J. E. and Merka, W. C.
1994. Chemical and microbial characteristics of poultry processing
byproducts, waste, and poultry carcasses during lactic acid
fermentation. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 3:49-60.
Murphy, D. W., and Silbert, S. A. 1992. Preservation and nutrient recovery
from poultry carcasses subjected to lactic acid bacteria
fermentation. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 1:66-74.
Russell, S. M., Fletcher, D. L., Pancorbo, O. C. and Merka, 1993. Effect
of
lactic acid fermentation on bacterial pathogens and indicator
organisms in of broiler processing waste. Poultry Sci.
72:1573-1576.
Shotts, E. B., Wooley, R. E., and Dickens, J. A. 1984. Antimicrobic effects
of lactobacillus fermentation on edible waste materials
contaminated with infected carcasses. Am. J. Vet. Res.
45:2467-2470.
Wooley, R. E., Gilbert, J. P., Whitehead, W. K., Shotts, E. B., and
Dobbins, C. N. 1981. Survival of viruses in fermented edible waste
material. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:87-90.
Thanks, Asifo.
>From: Tracey Takeuchi
>
>Dear Jacky and all:
>
>I am involved with a group that has mentioned that they are "composting"
>dead sheep. I suggested concern over the incomplete decomposition and
>potential for pathogens that could be spread as a result. Most use the
>composted material as broadcast fertilizer to their sheep pastures. The
>composting is incomplete because they have encountered tissue such
>as fat and skin.
>
>Could you direct me to sufficient information to present them that would
>uphold my concern? Or perhaps to information that could aide them in the
>complete composting of this material so as to reduce pathogens?
From owner-STAT-L@VM1.MCGILL.CA Tue Nov 17 10:43:20 1998
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Subject: STAT-L Digest - 15 Nov 1998 to 16 Nov 1998
To: Recipients of STAT-L digests
Status: RO
There are 3 messages totalling 170 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Oral anticoagulants dose-response prediction
2. STAT-L Digest - 4 Nov 1998 to 5 Nov 1998
3. Data Mining
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 15:49:51 +1000
From: Brian Stein
Subject: Re: Oral anticoagulants dose-response prediction
Alexandre Aguiar wrote
>A researcheer wants to be to predict the response of patients to a dose
>change in a drug.
:snip:>The INR controls are executed at intervals ranging from 7 to 42 days
>according to patient needs. The individual dose varies in a broad range
>along the treatment (titrated case by case) and among individuals for the
>same target INR and in the present series there are patients taking from
>5mg per week to 87.5mg per week.
>In a previous analysis, a Spearmann Correlation Coefficient, suggested a
>weak (though significant) correlation between warfarin dose and INR.
>
>Now, design issues.
>If I take each percentage variation of the dose (or maybe a proportion
>new-dose/previous-dose) and a percentage variation (again a proportion
>could be used) of the response to the new dose (remember the INR
>control is performed after varying elapsed times after dose change) I can
>work on more than 500 "pairs" dose-variation|INR-variation.
>
>How could I analyse resulting data? Is it acceptable to use a percentage
>or proportion of a ratio? Suggestions of any sort are welcome.
>
I think I would look at trying to incorporate issues like target INR, daily
dose (low, medium, high) into a regression analysis, hoping to end up with
an eqaution enabling you to compute a mg increment in warfarin -- unit
change in INR. It would be good to have a second data set to validate your
equation, or if not, to split up your data into a training and a validation
set.
Brian.STEIN@imvs.sa.gov.au
Human Immunology, Hanson Centre for Cancer Research
IMVS, Frome Road
Adelaide SA 5000 voice: +61 8 8222 3725
Australia fax: +61 8 8232 4092
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 15:31:10 +1000
From: Brian Stein
Subject: Re: STAT-L Digest - 4 Nov 1998 to 5 Nov 1998
At 12:01 AM 11/6/98 -0500, you wrote:
>From: Mark Myatt
>Subject: Re: Comparison of survival curves-estimators
>
>In article <36378eaf.0@newsread1.dircon.co.uk>, Nelson Kinnersley
> writes
>>Question on comparison of survival curves:
>>
>>When wishing to summarise the survival distribution for a treatment group
>>having calculated product-limit (Kaplan-Meier) estimates of the survival
>>curve, one can quote the median (or any other percentile) with an associated
>>(95%) confidence interval - this can be provided relatively easily within
>>SAS. Furthermore, when one wishes to compare treatment groups, a hypothesis
>>test may be employed such as log-rank or Generalised Wilcoxon to compare
>>distributions, however, I'm looking for guidance on what is a suitable
>>estimator to quote to give the reader an idea of "how far apart the curves
>>are".
>>
>
>Show the curves.
>
>
>--
>Mark Myatt
>
I agree completely.
As an aside this is my wish list for (biological) survival data
1. curves plotted together with comparison statistic
2. confidence interval plotted at a sensible time period
3. indication of median followup
4. indication of number remaining at risk at bottom of graph
0.02 worth
Brian.STEIN@imvs.sa.gov.au
Human Immunology, Hanson Centre for Cancer Research
IMVS, Frome Road
Adelaide SA 5000 voice: +61 8 8222 3725
Australia fax: +61 8 8232 4092
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 09:15:39 -0500
From: "Barron, Alfred [PRI]"
Subject: Data Mining
> NJ CHAPTER, AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION
> STATISTICAL SEMINAR ANNOUNCEMENT
>
> Title: Data Mining for Dummies
> Speaker: Daryl Pregibon, AT&T Labs
> Date: November 18
> Time: 4:00 PM to 5:30 PM
> Location: Merck & Co.,
> One Merck Drive
> Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889
> [908] 423-1000
>
> This program is free of charge and open to the statistical
> community and those interested in data mining. Refresh-
> ments will be available from 3:30pm - 4:00pm, compli-
> ments of Merck Research Labs (thanks, Tom Capizzi).
>
> If you wish to attend, you MUST register in advance.
> To do so please respond to either Jim Colaianne at
> jcolaian@prius.jnj.com ( 908-218-7297) or
> Matilde Sanchez at matilde_sanchez@merck.com
> (732-594-5953).
>
> DETAILED DIRECTIONS:
>
> Via Route 22 (East and West)
> Take the exit for Route 523 North in Whitehouse Station;
> there is an Exxon Station on the westbound side at the
> traffic light. Continue on Route 523 for approximately
> 1 mile. Entrance to Merck is on the right side where
> the road widens; access the site via overpass.
>
> Via New Jersey Turnpike (from the North):
> Take Exit 14 (Route 78/Newark Airport) to Route 78 W.
> Continue to Exit 24 (Oldwick/Whitehouse). Make a left
> turn at the bottom of the ramp onto Route 523 South.
> The entrance to Merck is on the right side.
>
> Via New Jersey Turnpike (from the South): Exit 10
> (Metuchen/Edison) to Route 287 North. Continue to
> Route 22 West (exit is on the left). Follow the same
> route as above via Route 22.
>
> Via I-95: Take I-95 North to Route 206 North to
> Route 22 West. Follow the same route as above via
> Route 22 OR Take Interstate 95 to Route 31 North.
> Continue on Route 31. Route 31 will run along with
> Route 202 North for a period of time. At the traffic
> circle in Flemington, NJ, follow the circle 3/4 of the
> way around to continue on Route 31. Take Route 31
> North to Route 523 North. (Hunterdon Central HS here)
> Follow Route 523 North to where it crosses Route 22.
> (Exxon Station will be at the next light). Continue on
> Route 523 North. About one mile up, Merck on right.
>
> From Points Northwest:
>
> Take Route 78 East to Exit 24 (Oldwick/Whitehouse).
> Make a right turn at the bottom of the ramp onto
> Route 523 South. The entrance to Merck is on the
> right side.
>
> From the south via the Garden State Parkway: Take
> the Garden State Parkway North to Route 287 North.
> Take Route 287 to Route 78 West. Take Route 78 to
> Exit 24 (Oldwick/Whitehouse). Make a left turn at the
> bottom of the ramp onto Route 523 South. The entrance
> to Merck is on right.
>
> From the north via the Garden State Parkway: Take the
> Garden State Parkway South to Route 78 West. Take
> Route 78 to Exit 24 (Oldwick/Whitehouse). Make a left
> turn at the bottom of the ramp onto Route 523 South.
> The entrance to Merck is on the right side where the
> road widens.
>
>
>
------------------------------
End of STAT-L Digest - 15 Nov 1998 to 16 Nov 1998
*************************************************
From owner-FISH-ECOLOGY@helios.ulpgc.es Tue Nov 17 10:44:40 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 16:49:47 -0700
To: FISH-ECOLOGY@helios.ulpgc.es
From: "Darrel E. Snyder"
Subject: 23rd Annual Larval Fish Conference
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Fish Early Life History Biologists:
Time to start thinking about the next annual Larval Fish Conference (Early
Life History Section of the American Fisheries Society. This one will
finally be held in the early spring rather late spring/early summer to help
avoid conflicts with the field season for many members. It will be held
April 6-11, 1999, at NMFS facilities in Beaufort, North Carolina (Technical
sessions on April 7-10). Abstracts are due February 1, 1999 and the
organizers are still open to symposium/topical session ideas--contact Dr.
Jon Hare (). Student travel grants will be
available--interested students should pursue such as soon as possible. See
the AFS-ELHS web page for details
(<http://www.eos.ubc.ca/afs_early/index.htmlergy-list-archive/>).
If you are not already an ELHS member or have let membership lapse, please
consider joining or renewing membership. Dues are just $10/year whether
joining as a regular AFS member with voting privileges or as an affiliate
member. The Section Newsletter (3 issues per year) is worth the cost
alone. Again see the web page for details on membership.
Darrel
Darrel E. Snyder Research Associate
Larval Fish Laboratory Curator, LFL Collection
33J Wagar Building Telephone: (970)491-5295
Colorado State University Fax: (970)491-5091
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474 E-mail: DESnyder@CNR.ColoState.edu
______ WEB- http://www.CNR.ColoState.edu/~desnyder/desnyder.htm-archive/ _______
For information on the Larval Fish Laboratory, check out our web page
__________ http://www.CNR.Colostate.edu/~desnyder/lfl97.htmhtm-archive/ ___________
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From owner-biodiv-conv@igc.org Tue Nov 17 10:44:55 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 15:32:08 -0500
From: BIONET information services
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Subject: Discussion Paper on WTO-TRIPS REview of Life Patenting
To: BIODIV-CONV List-Server
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Status: RO
Please find attached a discussion paper, entitled "The 1999 WTO Review
of Life Patenting Under TRIPS." A Spanish version is also available from
BIONET (bionet@igc.org) or the author (David Downes). (The full text is
included below after the following brief abstract.)
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are a serious concern for many
people concerned about biodiversity. For instance, there are fears that
the expansion of IPRs contributes to expansion of monocultures, loss of
crop genetic variety, and the marginalization of traditional farmers.
In the coming two years, the World Trade Organization will be making
important decisions about IPRs. Below is a paper prepared by CIEL on
the relationship between WTO discussions on IPR and sustainable
development and the environment. The focus is on the 1999 review of
life patenting. CIEL hopes that it will be useful for NGOs seeking to
raise public interest concerns regarding the WTO's activities relating
to IPR. We would be grateful for comments and suggestions.
We feel that IPRs pose several major concerns for the public interest.
These are not limited to environmental and ethical concerns, such as the
morality of life patenting, and impacts on biodiversity and traditional
knowledge. They also include the growing inequality of access to
information (information haves and have nots) and possible
anticompetitive effects in markets.
Our paper outlines these and other concerns. It also identifies the
decision points coming up in the WTO, such as the 1999 life patenting
review, the 2000 TRIPS review, and the agenda setting for the millenial
round.
<>
CIEL
Center for International Environmental Law
U.S. Office: 1367 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 300, Washington, DC 20036 ·
Tel: +1 (202) 785-8700 · Fax: +1 (202) 785-8701
Geneva Office: B.P. 21 (160a Route de Florissant), CH-1231 Conches,
Geneva, Switzerland · Tel/Fax: +41 (22) 789-0738
Writer's Direct E-Mail: ddownes@igc.apc.org
Organizational E-Mail: cielus@igc.apc.org
Web: http://www.econet.apc.org/ciel/esnyder/lfl97.htmhtm-archive/
The 1999 WTO Review of Life Patenting Under TRIPS
Revised Discussion Paper -- November 1998
The 21st century is heralded as the "information age." If we are indeed
becoming a society in which information is the most valuable resource,
then an overriding question will be, who controls the information? Who
are the information haves and the have-nots? Intellectual property law,
which defines ownership rights over information, is one of the main ways
our society resolves these questions.
Historically, intellectual property rights such as patents and
copyrights have been extended to inventors and creators as a reward for
innovation, and as an incentive to disclose information to the public
and promote innovation by others. Intellectual property in some form is
almost universally recognized as an essential policy tool in market
economies. The benefits to society of the legal right are, however,
carefully balanced against the cost to society of granting it.
This balancing must take into account that the right is a time-limited
exclusive right to control commercial use and sale of a valuable product
-- a right which allows the holder to raise price and to reduce supply
of the patented product to consumers. Patents on inventions that are
particularly improved or innovative may confer market dominance or even
a monopoly to the owner. Thus, the scope of these exclusive rights - in
terms of time, technology covered, activities covered and geographical
application - must be carefully defined to maximize benefits to society
through a balancing of interests in stimulating innovation, avoiding
excessive market dominance, and maximizing the free availability and
exchange of information needed for a creative, innovative, and equitable
society.
Today, the balance seems to be shifting. Intellectual property laws are
defined through closed, secretive international negotiations dominated
by industry - and are then brought to national legislatures as faits
accomplis, without democratic deliberation. Combined with the
technical, arcane nature of the intellectual property legal specialty,
this has helped corporate interests to avoid public scrutiny and expand
their control over developments in applications such as electronic
information, biotechnology or pharmaceuticals. Industrial country
governments promote corporate interests in expanded intellectual
property rights in the name of maximizing national competitiveness in a
global marketplace. The resulting boon to private investors -
embodied in international treaties such as the trade agreements
administered by the World Trade Organization - has been called an
"information land grab" (Boyle 1996).
This paper outlines public interest concerns that citizens' groups need
to air at the WTO, where many of the decisions are now being made about
the contours of this "land grab." The WTO needs to open up to public
scrutiny and input in the context of three upcoming intellectual
property debates. The first is the 1999 review of whether to require
WTO members to recognize patents on life forms. The second is the
review in 2000 of all WTO rules on intellectual property. The third is
the possible inclusion of intellectual property on the agenda for
upcoming trade negotiations. Governments need to respond to public
input on the following needs:
1. The need to address environmental and indigenous goals and issues;
2. The need to avoid overly broad biotechnology patents;
3. The need to ensure that intellectual property does not reduce market
competition;
4. The need for the WTO to promote development equitably in North and
South;
5. The need for countries to manage investment in biotechnology;
6. The need to minimize the impact of unilateral pressure between
trading partners;
7. The need to address environmental and ethical concerns about
intellectual property.
The 1999 "TRIPS Review" of Life Patenting
At the WTO, the next step in this expansion of ownership over
information may be the extension of WTO rules to require governments to
recognize patents over life itself. Should living organisms or parts
of organisms such as genes be considered "inventions" that can be
patented under intellectual property law? Many citizens' groups in both
the developed and developing world are concerned about the economic,
social, environmental and ethical impacts of life patenting. Moreover,
many developing country governments are concerned that the control of
the nature and distribution of new life forms by multinational
corporations may affect their development prospects and food security.
Life patenting raises concerns about consumer rights, biodiversity
conservation, environmental protection, sustainability of agriculture,
indigenous rights, scientific and academic freedom, and, ultimately, the
economic development of many developing countries dependent on new
technologies.
The question of life patenting will come up in 1999 under the WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS).
Negotiated in the Uruguay Round of trade talks, the TRIPS Agreement is
the most important international law on intellectual property. It sets
minimum standards for national protection of intellectual property
rights and procedures and remedies for their enforcement. Its
enforcement measures -- including the potential for trade sanctions
against non-complying WTO members -- are unprecedented in the field of
international intellectual property.
The TRIPs Agreement requires countries to recognize patents on most
products and processes, including pharmaceuticals, modified
microorganisms, and "microbiological processes" (Article 27.3(b)).
Currently, however, it does not require countries to recognize patents
on plants or animals, or "essentially biological [but not
microbiological] processes for the production of plants or animals"
(ibid.). Under Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement, each country has
the discretion whether to recognize these patents. Countries may
protect plant varieties either through patents or an "effective sui
generis system" or both. This exception exists because many other
countries rejected the US demand for patenting of plants and animals, on
economic, legal or ethical grounds.
In 1999, the TRIPs Council of the WTO will review Article 27.3(b) of the
TRIPs Agreement. It can be expected that the United States will seek to
remove this discretion and to require countries to recognize patents on
plants and animals. Other industrialized countries may side with the
US, especially since the European Union recently decided to extend
patents to cover life forms (EU 1998). A number of developing
countries, on the other hand, are likely to oppose the removal of the
exception.
Why the WTO Should Maintain the Life Patenting Exception
WTO Members should resist the proposed extension of TRIPS to life
patenting. They should work through the WTO TRIPs Council to maintain
the discretion about plant and animal patenting that the current
language of Article 27.3(b) allows, as well as the right to develop sui
generis systems for plant variety protection. They should also consider
expanding the exception to cover microorganisms. Maintaining this
discretion is essential for a number of reasons:
1. Maintaining Flexibility to Address Indigenous and Biodiversity
Goals. First, it gives countries the space they need to experiment with
various approaches to implementing Article 8(j) of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, which requires protection of the traditional
knowledge, innovations and practices of local and indigenous
communities. Given the complexity of the issues, countries badly need
to develop experience resolving them through pilot projects and
programs, and this will require a phase of experimentation. Requiring
all countries to uniformly recognize life patenting, and requiring
uniform systems of plant variety protection, would hinder countries from
gaining the experience needed to implement Article 8(j) effectively.
2. Avoiding Trends Toward Overly Broad Biotechnology Patents. The
scope of biotechnology patents in countries such as the United States
(that are furthest along the road of patent expansion) is frequently too
broad, which could actually stifle, rather than stimulate, productive
innovation with consequent effects on international competitiveness and
consumer health and welfare. There is significant concern about
over-broad patent claims in the US itself (e.g. Eisenberg 1992, 1994).
Even US industry groups have opposed some of the furthest extensions of
rights sought in recent patent applications (Eisenberg 1992.) This
suggests that the rest of the world is better off taking a
"wait-and-see" approach" in which they can learn from the US experience,
rather than rushing into a decision whose benefits are unproven.
3. Maintaining Competitive Markets. The competitive impacts of
intellectual property rights counsel against expanding international
obligations to protect them at this time. The combination of expanded
international intellectual property protection with shifts in market
dominance in the global economy raises significant concerns about market
competitiveness (Anderson 1998). The over-broad patent claims in
biotechnology, with continued blurring of the lines between invention
and discovery, intensify the risk of anti-competitive impacts. On the
other hand, some argue that intellectual property rights in the hands of
small firms or newcomers to a market may sometimes serve as a tool to
enhance competition.
In any case, there is currently a policy imbalance within the WTO. The
WTO provides powerful protection of intellectual property through the
TRIPS Agreement. While the TRIPS Agreement permits Members to take
"appropriate measures" to prevent the abuse of intellectual property
rights or practices that unreasonably restrain trade, there is no
international set of competition disciplines to guard against market
abuses, in large part because of US opposition. No further expansion of
intellectual property should take place without a thorough examination
of the competitive impacts and the possible need for competition
disciplines to manage them. The first step should be for the TRIPS
Council to evaluate these impacts as part of the overall review of the
agreement in the year 2000. In addition, the TRIPS Council may need to
define the types of measures needed to control anti-competitive abuses.
More generally, the WTO needs to develop rules for ensuring the
competitiveness of global markets. It should certainly not expand
intellectual property requirements until a counterbalancing effort on
competition is underway.
4. Preventing Greater Disparities Between North and South. The
proposed extension of TRIPS to life patenting would further unbalance
the Uruguay Round bargain in favor of industrialized countries and
against developing countries. The protection afforded by the TRIPS
agreement expands exclusive intellectual property protection in time
(from 17 years in the US to 20 years under TRIPS); in scope (the TRIPS
Agreement covers "any invention" -- broader than most preexisting
national systems); and in geographical application (to all WTO Member
countries). The increase in prices that will result from recognition of
patents on products such as pharmaceuticals will reduce the access of
poor people in the developing world to them, with resulting declines in
health quality and life expectancy, at least in the near term.
As intellectual property rights are predominantly owned and controlled
by corporations in industrialized countries, the protection of these
rights worldwide entails a significant transfer of revenues from
developing to industrialized countries. The concessions offered to
developing countries in the Uruguay Round to offset this transfer -
including reduction in agricultural subsidies, better market access and
special and differentiated treatment - have not yet been honored by
industrialized countries. Until they are, the WTO should not add to its
requirements for intellectual property protection.
5. Managing Investment in Biotechnology. Countries may also wish to
avoid expansion of intellectual property rights in order to limit the
flow of private investment into biotechnology, until they have a proper
regulatory framework in place to control its environmental impacts. In
countries where internal development of biotechnology products is a
possibility, this would be one way of implementing the Biodiversity
Convention's precautionary approach and its requirement that its Parties
protect against environmental impacts of genetically modified organisms
and maintain economic incentives for conservation. If investment flowed
too quickly into this industry, there would be a vested interest against
regulation and in favor of externalizing environmental costs so that
society as a whole, rather than the producers of biotechnology, takes on
the risks. By definition, intellectual property rights are designed to
encourage private sector investment in technological development.
Hence, avoiding the extension of intellectual property to modified
organisms remains a reasonable policy choice for countries until an
effective biosafety protocol is negotiated and enters into force, and
effective national regulations and institutions are in place. Of
course, this policy would supplement rather than replace environmental
regulation of biotechnology products themselves.
6. Counterbalancing Unilateralism on Intellectual Property. Finally,
the WTO should not raise TRIPs standards while major trading nations are
still applying unilateral pressure to force trading partners not only to
meet TRIPs standards but to go beyond them. This is another serious
problem that disturbs the balance of tradeoffs which persuaded
developing countries to sign the Uruguay Round agreements. For
instance, the US has threatened Argentina with trade sanctions on the
ground that Argentina's protection of intellectual property rights is
not strong enough. Yet some US demands seemed to seek stronger
protection than TRIPs requires. For instance, the US complained that
Argentina's new patent law delayed extension of patents to
pharmaceuticals until 2000, although developing countries do not have to
phase in patent protection of new product types under TRIPs until a
total of 10 years after TRIPs entered into force, well after the year
2000.
7. Addressing Environmental and Ethical Concerns. Life patenting
raises significant environmental (UNEP 1996) and ethical issues for many
people in many countries. There are concerns that patents on crop
varieties, for instance, augment the incentives in favor of monocultures
and the use of expensive inputs such as fertilizer associated with many
improved crop varieties; this in turn causes environmental harm. In
addition, many people in many societies feel that the structures of
genes, animals or plants -- the structure of life itself -- should be
kept free from commodification and market transactions, as an ethical
matter. The private ownership and marketing of these fundamental
structures of life violates religious and moral principles in a number
of cultures. The WTO should not adopt a blanket rule when so many
perspectives and concerns are yet to be considered.
Why the WTO -- as Part of Civil Society -- Should
Examine Broader Concerns About Intellectual Property
The reasons discussed above for maintaining the exception to life
patenting raise broader concerns about intellectual property. Thus,
they argue for a broader discussion within the WTO about the social,
environmental, economic and political implications. Yet this discussion
cannot be left to the WTO alone, or to intellectual property
specialists.
As Lester Thurow wrote recently in the Harvard Business Review (1997),
"[i]t is clear that the invention of a new gene for making human beings
different or better cannot be handled in the same way as the invention
of a new gearbox." Decisions about the evolution of intellectual
property cannot be left for technical analysis by specialists or closed
international organizations. They must be debated by a full range of
institutions and experts, and a full range of representatives from
different groups within civil society. "[D]ifferent cultures and
different parts of the world look at intellectual property rights quite
differently . . . . There are real differences in beliefs about what
should be freely available in the public domain and what should be for
sale in the private marketplace" (Ibid.). Thus, the debate must seek to
engage and respond to the different values and interests involved.
In the WTO and elsewhere, we are seeing the beginning of "a scramble
among the powerful to grab valuable pieces of intellectual property,
just as the powerful grabbed the common lands of England" in advance of
the Industrial Revolution (Thurow 1997). This is not a formula for a
just and prosperous "information society." Instead, we need a "socially
managed enclosure movement for intellectual property rights" (ibid.), in
which society as a whole defines the legal rights and duties that will
govern the most important resources and exchanges of the future. As
steps toward such a movement, we recommend the following:
o A full and public discussion within the TRIPS Council and the 1999 WTO
Ministerial Conference of the public interest questions raised by
intellectual property.
o A commitment by WTO Members to discuss fully and openly the public
interest concerns involved in intellectual property, and to carry out a
thorough review of the TRIPS Agreement in 2000, before starting
negotiations on additional intellectual property requirements.
o A commitment in the WTO to address related issues alongside
intellectual property policy, such as laws and policies needed to
maintain healthy competition and limit anticompetitive impacts of
intellectual property in the global market place.
o Involvement of other relevant institutions, such as UNESCO, the World
Health Organization, and the World Intellectual Property Organization,
and full participation by citizens' groups.
For more information, contact David Downes in CIEL's Washington office,
or Matthew Stilwell in CIEL's Geneva office.
Sources
Parts of this paper are adapted from: David Downes. 1997. Using
Intellectual Property as a Tool to Protect Traditional Knowledge: CIEL
Discussion Paper. Washington, D.C.: Center for International
Environmental Law.
Anderson, Robert D. In press. "The Interface between Competition
Policy and Intellectual Property in the Context of the International
Trading System." Journal of International Economic Law 1(4): _____.
Boyle, James. 1996b. "Sold Out." New York Times, Mar. 31, 1996.
Web: <http://www.wcl.american.edu/pub/faculty/boyle/sold_out.htme/>
Eisenberg, Rebecca S. 1992. "Genes, Patents, and Product
Development." Science 257:903-908.
Eisenberg, Rebecca S. 1994. "Technology Transfer and the Genome
Project: Problems with Patenting Research Tools. Risk: Health, Safety &
Environment 5:163-175.
(EU) European Union. 1998. European Parliament and Council Directive
98/44/EC of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological
inventions. Available through search function on EU web site,
<http://europa.eu.intcan.edu/pub/faculty/boyle/sold_out.htme/>.
Thurow, Lester C. 1997. "Needed: A New System of Intellectual Property
Rights." Harvard Business Review September-October 1997.
(UNEP) United Nations Environment Programme. 1996. Convention on
Biological Diversity. Conference of the Parties. The Impact of
Intellectual Property Rights Systems on the Conservation and Sustainable
Use of Biological Diversity and on the Equitable Sharing of Benefits
>From Its Use: A preliminary study: note by the Executive Secretary.
[Montreal]: UNEP. UN Doc. No. UNEP/CBD/COP/3/22. Web:
<http://www.biodiv.organ.edu/pub/faculty/boyle/sold_out.htme/>.
November 7, 1998
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 10:45:04 1998
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From: debi@ilbom.ernet.in
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Dragon flies
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Status: RO
There seems to be a profusion of dragon flies this year in Bombay and
Poona. Unlike the past two years, where hardly a handful of dragon
flies were seen around Powai lake (where I live), this year they are
visible in thousands, for the past 3-4 weeks.
During a visit to Pune two weeks ago, to a friend's farm at Yerwada
on Nagar road, I again saw thousands of dragon flies. My friend also
confirmed that this was an unusually high number of drgaon flies this
year.
Is is because of the prolonged monsoons? or is it a cyclical
phenomenom? are there any similar observations in other parts of
India?
Cheers
Debi
______________________________________
--------------------------------------
Debi Goenka
Bombay Environmental Action Group
4 Kurla Industrial Estate
LBS Marg
Mumbai 400086
India
Tel: 91-22-5700638
Telefax: 91-22-5701459
e-mail: debi@ilbom.ernet.in
--------------------------------------
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 10:45:14 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 07:43:01 +0530 (IST)
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From: "Sally Walker, Z.O.O./CBSG, India/ARNIZE"
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: questionable reintroductions
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Status: RO
Jagdish Krishnaswamy has related information about historical range of Swamp
deer -- thanks ... I was too lazy to look it up. JK has asked why 7 and not
20 or more. Actually 20 odd were proposed in the beginning but it was
decided finally to begin with 7 and see how the project progressed and add
more animals when it was clear that there was some chance of success. I
remembered a record of introduction of Manipur brow-antlered deer into
Jaldapara by the department some years ago which was an abject failure and
requested more caution. What you say about the small number itself possibly
causing failure is not untrue BUT the track record for zoo reintroductions
or even moving animals here is not very good and it seems a very risky
proposition to try 20 at one time.
Regarding disease, it has been said by more than one Indian veterinary
doctor than probably every deer in captivity in India has t.b. I do not
know as I am not a vet but this has been a common complaint in zoos and by
zoos. One of their big problems is how to keep their deer disease free. The
Lucknow animals were all together until relatively recently in a small
enclosure directly under some flats right by the roadside. There was a wall
seperating the street from the deer but trash from the flats could have got
into the enclosure. I believe many of the (maybe all of them) were moved
BUT t.b. is not easy to eradicate.
Moreover, the barasingha at Lucknow zoo are all descended from two founders.
This is documented. There have been no fresh animals added to this group
despite recommendations from individuals, workshops and official bodies. If
this has been done at all, it is within the last two years and would not
have any effect on the existing animals as yet. Therefore all these animals
are inbred; to what extend this has affected their fitness I do not know and
we will not know until they are released.
My concern is that a difficult project is being undertaken with animal that
have two very definite strikes against them, e.g. they have been captive or
descended from long-time captive animals and they are inbred. Plus the
possibility of disease.
I am concerned because my subject is zoos and their ability to strengthen
conservation efforts. I have become very disallusioned after 14 years of
work in this area, not by the zoos and zoo personnel themselves, but by the
administrative system, which seems to prevent zoos from improving. I say
this after six years on the Central Zoo Authority which also has poured
money and energy into improvement of zoos but with indifferent results.
There is a strong will on the part of some government officials to improve
the zoos and I know some who have literally devoted their lives to this BUT ...
Projects such as these should make a zoo promoter happy but I know if there
is a big failure it will only worsen the image of zoos and their ability to
contribute to genuine conservation. I feel there are problems that should
be addressed aggressively by the state governments in the zoos themselves
before they undertake splashy reintroduction project. This way of
conducting reintroduction is, if you will pardon the expression,
"ass-backwards". You are supposed to decide for the reintroduction after
research of the area (this might have been done all right) and THEN breed
the animals you need for the project very carefully, insuring their fitness,
genetic make up (should not be severely inbred), they should be isolated
from human interaction (preferably from birth), etc. etc. There are
systematic guidelines for this from the Reintroduction Specialist Group as
well as from a scientific welfare group in UK.
My modus operandi is not to criticise zoos or even government AND not to be
obstructive. I would not want a potentially good project de-railed. At the
same time, I don't think the subject of reintroduction is taken seriously or
systematically enough in India. I do not know of a single project in which
captive-born animals have been released back to the wild with systematic
planning and monitoring. If captive breeding is to be helpful to
conservation, the whole package of protocols should be observed so that all
goes well. This simply does not happen.
Zoos and captive breeding are accepted all over the world as potential or
actual part of the conservation process, particularly for areas with small
populations or where the population has been extinguished. I would certainly
like to see Indian zoos become relevant to conservation but I don't think it
will happen if projects are done backwards.
Regarding the leopard, I got my states wrong. Sorry. I am still concerned
whatever the state. Again, if this leopard misbehaves, it will definitely
be considered a "reintroduction" of some sort and reflect badly on zoos.
Three weeks in a zoo is sufficient to desensitize a wild animal to humans
and expose the animal to disease. All precautions might have been taken; I
hope so -- I am just asking if people are tracking this.
With my very best wishes, -- please note change in phone & fax nos.
Sally Walker
Zoo Outreach Organisation/Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, CBSG,
India Asian Regional Network of International Zoo Educators
Box 1683, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 640 004 India
Phones 91 422 563 159; 561 087 Fax 91 422 563 269
Our Websites are all "in process" but you may like to check them out anyway:
1. CBSG, India : CAMP PHVA Results -- http://members.xoom.com/ZOOIndia/aculty/boyle/sold_out.htme/
2. ZOO, ZOOS' PRINT, ZOO ZEN -- http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/vines/6883sold_out.htme/
3. History of Zoos and Nat Hist in India http://members.tripod.com/~SPHOZANHIvines/6883sold_out.htme/
4. About Sally Walker personally and the Asian Regional Network of
International Zoo Educators http://members.tripod.com/~SallyANHIvines/6883sold_out.htme/ Walker
From owner-bioenergy@crest.org Tue Nov 17 11:13:45 1998
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To: WBrewer@aol.com, bioenergy@crest.org
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Subject: Re: would appreciate yourhelp
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Status: RO
WBrewer,
It's not surprising that this is a tough arguement to make, as the best
sources I know say that there has yet to be a single peer-reviewed scientific
paper that opposes man-made changes. Anyone else have evidence/info to the
contrary?
Tony Novelli
Bioenergy List SPONSORS and ARCHIVES:
http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/bioenergy-list-archive/
From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:00 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 10:23:20 -0500 (EST)
From: "ATSAF e.V."
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Subject: [GKD] ICT for Rural Development
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Reply-To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Status: RO
EFITA/99 - Sustainability in the Information Society - 2nd Conference of
the European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food
and the Environment (EFITA), September 27-30, 1999 in Bonn
Hello,
The Council for Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural Research (ATSAF
e.V.) is building up a working group on 'ICT for Rural development'.
ATSAF would like the topic to be presented in the Symposium line of
EFITA/99 'IT and Development'. We would highly appreciate it if you and
your working group could contribute your knowledge and experience to the
symposium and utilize it for discussion of ICT for rural development
world wide. Representatives of FAO, GTZ (Germany) and University of
Guelph, Ontario, Canada, have announced their participation to
EFITA/99's symposium line.
For more informatiton to the EFITA-Conference, see:
http://www.dainet.de/efita99newables/bioenergy-list-archive/ .
You can order the Call for Papers (as paper form) at:
or . Please note that the definite(!) deadline for
sending your short abstract will be December 31, 1998.
Beyond that we would be glad if there could be established some fields
of cooperation of ATSAF and your working group referring to 'ICT and
Rural development'. For example, ATSAF has established an Internet NEWS
SERVICE: information related to international development is always
welcome, news about what's going on, trends, future perspectives in
Research and Practice.
Looking forward to your answer,
yours sincerely,
(Dr. Angelika Loeper)
Arbeitsgemeinschaft f. Tropische und
Subtropische Agrarforschung (ATSAF) e.V.
Thomas-Mann-Str.52, D-53111 Bonn
Tel.: +49(0)228-9846-10 Fax: -9846-99
From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:15 1998
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Date: Sat, 14 Nov 1998 12:31:26 -0800
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
From: Michael Robin
Subject: Re: [GKD] Y2K: Y2K and the nuclear arsenal
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Status: RO
There was a news things on Wired (or Hot Wired) that the US and Russia
have agreed to turn the systems off to avoid "catastrophic failure" of the
nuclear systems. (Sorry but I did not save the piece to include a pointer
here).
Michael Robin
Thomas Fortenberry wrote:
>I was wondering if anyone saw the report a day ago on the CNN or MSNBC
>(whichever corporate non-news news show I was watching) on the Y2K problem
>with the nuclear arsenal. Some things that caught my eye was that, though
>the same thing is wrong-- embedded microchips that are all doomed to
>failure-- the Pentagon had no comment on it and refused to discuss what
>they called could be a catastrophic failure. Two options were mentioned
>by "sources": turning the entire North American system offline or having
>"critical response" teams in place to try and handle failures and problems
>as they occurred.
From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:23 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 07:39:09 -0500 (EST)
From: John McLaughlin
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Subject: Re: [GKD] Y2K: Level-headed documentation?
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Status: RO
I wouldn't exactly call this "level-headed documentation"; books with
exclamation points in their titles rarely fit that description. As I
recall in any case, among its suggestions across the range of options it
traces are acquisition of rifles to forestall looters. In my opinion,
backed up by accident statistics around here, ordinary people who mess
around with firearms wind up hurting people other than their intended
targets, at least some of the time. In other words, alarmism can lead to
unintentional fatalities. But I see I'm getting paranoid, so I'll sign off
this discussion for the time being until its blood pressure comes down a
bit. Don't let me get started on "You could check it on the web."
John
On Fri, 13 Nov 1998 snkarim@citechco.net wrote:
> Dear Mr. Acevedo,
>
> I have recently come across a book (advised by my former instructor,
> Professor Dave Miller,
> (http://cswww.bemidji.msus.edu/~dmiller/homepage.htmlarchive/) called "Time Bomb
> 2000!" by Ed & Jennifer Yourdon. It is "aimed at aimed at ordinary
> people, including our family, our neighbors, our friends, and all the
> millions of people who use computers ...". "...this book asks the
> question: what if the computer industry doesn't manage to fix the Y2000
> problem successfully? How serious a problem could it be, and what should
From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:44 1998
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From: "Watermeyer, Henry"
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 09:12:58 +200
Subject: Re: [GKD]: Y2K: global estimates, Net resources, the term "bomb", etc.
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Status: RO
Hi Roberto and all,
Roberto Verzola wrote:
> On Henry Watermayer's note:
> > I am not sure that i would agree with Roberto and call it a "bomb"
>
> It *is* a software time bomb. The millennium-bomb will most probably
> cause fewer deaths than the Hiroshima or Nagasaki A-bombs. But its
> disruptive effect and reach will probably be greater than these
> A-bombs and certainly greater than any conventional bomb.
I guess my concern is that calling it a "bomb" brings with it much
emotional baggage. While I agree that there is a very high
probability of a serious economic meltdown, recent problems in Asia
at a macro level serve to confirm the fragile nature of the
global economy, I fear that human nature will reject as far fetched
anything which plays on the collective emotion like the term "bomb".
The problem is that for most people they are just very small
components in a massive system. They cannot influence, one way or
another, the shape or nature of the aggregate whole. Raising fearful
emotions will have the effect that has been suggested elsewhere of
causing civil unrest and a global shambles.
I for one cannot see that the impact will be anything like as
catastrophic as that. Yes it will take time to restore economic order,
yes there will be disruptions but lets not lose sight of the fact that
much work is being done to correct the basic elements of
economic life world wide.
We could well have a "bomb" on our hands if nothing was being done,
but activity such as this list, is going on all around the world.
More and more people are aware and are taking steps to ensure that
even if their systems fail, life will go on.
Yes I know that many of the fall back systems put into place to
ensure that critical facilities survive should computer systems fail,
are based on other computer systems but many revert to manual
over ride when all else fails.
Clearly large volumes of data, as with international finance, cannot
be handled effectively by hand but I suggest it is naive to assume
that those responsible for systems of this nature have done nothing
to protect themselves. In my view, large, critical systems will, in most
cases be able to manage.
The twin dangers to the global economy, as opposed to local, that I
see are mainly in the developed world and they stem from a) people who
don't want to protect themselves, typically SME, because they don't
know, can't afford to or because of the "Bill Gates" syndrome I have
referred to before, and b) the mad rush to get involved in legal
restitution claims (or to get protection from these!)
Yes, individual banks and money systems are at risk but I suggest that
these risks are well understood by the people who run the
organisations.
Never underestimate human nature and its ability to protect itself.
I repeat my view that the danger of a "bomb" type collapse stems from
a senario where people do nothing. We have many people doing a lot.
Henry
"Ed Yardini is an optimist! He thinks there is only a 70% chance of a y2k
triggered recession!"
=====================================================================
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Send e-Mail to MAJORDOMO@SUNSITE.WITS.AC.ZA with SUBSCRIBE ITDIGEST
and {your_user_id} in the body followed by END on the next line.
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Henry C Watermeyer 'Phone +27-11-716-3260/8000
Director - Computer & Network services Fax +27-11-339-1225
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
P/Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa mobile +27-(0)82-800-8862
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From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:52 1998
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From: shahid@icimod.org.np
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 13:34:01 +0000
Subject: [GKD] Invitation to e-discussion on Internet in South Asia
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South Asia is the world's most illiterate region, and confronts myriad
man-made and natural problems. Can the Internet help us overcome these?
Undoubtedly, yes. But what needs to be done to remove the roadblocks that
the Internet itself faces in the region, and what are the right steps to
take, to promote its use? How can we help and learn from each other?
Questions such as these will be taken up in an electronic discussion,
which started in early October and which you can join by visiting:
http://www.PanAsiaNetworking.org.sg/cgi-bin/majordomo/lwgate.sasianet/sasianet
For about 16 participants of this electronic discussion, the organisers
will be able to fund the travel and stay for a 3-4 day workshop, at either
Dacca, where we will have the opportunity to see the very interesting
example of Grameen Telecom, or in Khatmandu some time next February. The
rest, we hope, will participate electronically in this workshop as well.
I do hope you will join, and actively participate in this discussion,
which will enable you to make friends and useful contacts in this region,
plus contribute to its development. Please pass on this message to anybody
else who you feel may be interested as well.
Warm regards,
Arun
____________
THE INTERNET : SOUTH ASIAN REALITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Introduction
The Internet offers a rare opportunity to policy-makers, regulators, NGOs
and citizens, since it bears the potential for increasing wealth and
improving health and education in nations that learn to use it well. At
the same time, it brings with it problems, as its inherent anarchy resists
regulation and planning. Because of this, success can only come in
societies that engage in comprehensive discussion of the issues involved
in promoting the Internet. All the players mentioned above are
inextricable parts of this complex, and there is a dire need to open
communication channels between them.
The countries of South Asia face similar problems with the Internet, yet
they have adopted very different models for its advancement. While in
Pakistan the private sector dominates, in India the government has so far
been the monopoly service provider. Bangladesh has been remarkably
innovative in bringing telecom to the poor, demonstrating clearly the
considerable scope there is to learn from each other.
To facilitate this comprehensive discussion, and to help look for
solutions to the blockages in the path of the Internet in South Asia, the
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in
Kathmandu <http://www.south-asia.com/icimod.htmcgi-bin/majordomo/lwgate.sasianet/sasianet> with financial support of
the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada
, proposes to organise a workshop in February 1999.
Approximately 16 key players and observers in this rapidly changing field
will be invited from Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, bringing
together experts from government, regulatory bodies, NGOs, ISPs and the
user community. The participants of this workshop will be selected
primarily from the contributors to a moderated electronic discussion,
which will be open to anyone wishing to contribute meaningfully to this
process.
While there are a large number of issues to discuss in this endeavor, it
is hoped that the electronic discussion will help prioritize and select
key issues for face-to-face discussion.
Issues
A preliminary list of issues for electronic discussion is given below:
1) Access
a) A comparison of models of ISP ownership (eg., private, government, NGO)
b) Providing access to the poor and illiterate
c) Technological aspects relating to bandwidth (eg. quality and
quantity) issues
relating to technical manpower and the sharing of technical expertise
d) Regional backbone and ISP collaboration in South Asia
e) Security
f) Gender-related issues
2) Content
a) Culture -- threats and opportunities
b) Generation of local-language content, and cross-border flows
c) Direction and flow of information (e.g. North--South) and its
implications
d) Applications in health, etc
e) Use of the Internet in distance education, and as an educational tool
3) Regulation
a) Regulation vis-a-vis the Internet and policy formulation -- what
works and what doesn't, pricing policy/tariffs, licensing practices
b) Role of Government, ISPs, Regional and International Bodies, Users
c) E-Commerce in the South Asian region
d) Mechanisms for user feedback into policymaking
4) Opportunities for regional cooperation in promoting the growth of the
Internet
It is expected that the electronic discussion will add to this list, and
hopefully select approximately six issues, in which a face-to-face
discussion could significantly help raise the level of clarity in areas
where decisions need to be taken by the countries involved.
The organizers will also set up a web-site to collect and present
information emanating out of the electronic discussion, including links to
other useful sites in the areas under discussion.
A small working group consisting of one representative each from
Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan as well as the ICIMOD project
coordinator for this initiative and the electronic discussion list
moderator will be created to plan this initiative further. The working
group members will also help to propogate this initiative further, seek
greater country-level participation in the electronic discussion as well
as prepare and present a country paper/report at the workshop itself.
While funding is available for travel and living expenses of about 16
participants, others are invited to participate electronically in the
deliberations at the workshop, which will last 3 or 4 days (exact dates
and venue yet to be decided).
Tentative Agenda
Day 1: Introduction of participants. Presentation of country reports, which
highlight the current situation of the Internet in each country.
Presentation of summary report by the moderator of the electronic
discussion list, highlighting the key issues emerging out of the
electronic discussion. Discussion of agenda for working groups
andestablishment of the same
Day 2: Meetings of working groups to cover the priority issues identified
by the electronic discussion list. Plenary meeting to finalise
recommendations.
Day 3: Continuation of Working group meetings to discuss identified
priority issues. Possibly a field visit.
Day 4: Concluding plenary session.
Report
Shortly after conclusion of the workshop, a brief report highlighting the
issues discussed and the conclusions reached will be added to the web
site, and possibly published in a journal. If there is sufficient interest
among the participants, electronic discussion will continue after the
workshop is concluded, to foster on-going contact between experts of the
region.
Moderator
Dr. Arun Mehta, amehta@cerf.net, a Delhi-based net activist who has been
involved in several campaigns relating to cyber rights and who moderates
the "India-gii" discussion list, will serve as the moderator for this
exercise. He will also present the summary results of the discussion list
at the workshop in February 1999 and prepare a final report of the
workshop.
Project Coordinator
Mr. Shahid Akhtar, shahid@icimod.org.np who is in-charge of ICIMOD's
communication, information and networking activities, is the project
coordinator and will oversee the entire activity in all its dimensions
from beginning to end.
From owner-bioenergy@crest.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:51 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 14:57:56 -0500
From: Dick Glick
Organization: CFR
X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.5 [en] (Win98; I)
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To: ANovelli@aol.com
CC: WBrewer@aol.com, bioenergy@crest.org
Subject: Re: would appreciate yourhelp
References:
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Hello Bioenergy friends --
Here's one to chew on -- just the classical argument!
Best, Dick
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFOBEAT | ]
12:01 PM ET 05/04/98
FEATURE-Scientists see sun, not people, behind global warming
By Neil Winton, Science and Technology Correspondent
LONDON (Reuters) - World governments are signing on to a
treaty that seeks to stop mankind from destroying the Earth's
climate, but some experts say the sun may be to blame and want
to test the theory.
The European Union signed the Kyoto treaty on climate change
in New York last Wednesday, bringing the total number of
signatories to 34. Last December, the world's industrial nations
agreed at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, to cut emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases by an average 5.2 percent
from 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.
The accord followed a controversial report by the United
Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluding
that the burning of fossil fuels was behind an increase in
global temperature since the late 19th century.
But the evidence linking mankind with climate change has
always been contested. Even Ben Santer, atmospheric scientist at
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and
lead writer of the IPCC report, pointed out that there was
evidence pointing either way, with significant uncertainties.
Despite the inconclusive science, many political leaders
have embraced the notion that human activity is causing global
warming and action is required to avert a climate catastrophe.
DANES SAY SUN POWERS CLIMATE CHANGE
Knud Lassen and Eigil Friis-Christensen, scientists at the
Danish Meteorological Institute, have published a theory
suggesting the rise in the Earth's temperature owes everything
to long-term changes in the sun's output and nothing to
greenhouse gases released by burning fossil fuels.
Their studies showed that climate is influenced by cosmic
and solar rays impacting on the Earth's magnetic field. Cosmic
rays vary with the solar cycle and interact with the solar wind,
which has a direct impact on cloud floud cover will
have a direct influence on the amount of the sun's heat that is
absorbed or reflected back into space.
The solar theory explained why Greenland was warm enough to
attract Viking settlement more than 1,000 years ago and southern
England supported a red wine industry during Roman times. In
neither case was there a suspicion of human influence on
climate.
Jasper Kirkby and Frank Close of the European
particle-physics center CERN in Geneva have been impressed by
the solar theory and want to set up an experiment to test it.
``The more I read about this theory the more convinced I am
that they (the Danes) are on to something very important,''
Kirkby told Reuters.
``A striking correlation has been observed between global
cloud cover and the incident of cosmic rays ... causing
estimated changes in global temperatures that are comparable to
all the warming attributed to greenhouse gases from the burning
of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution,'' he said.
CERN PHYSICISTS SEEK TO VERIFY SOLAR CLAIM
``However, a direct link between cosmic rays and cloud
formation has not yet been unambiguously established. We
therefore propose to experimentally measure cloud formation
under controlled conditions at CERN.''
Kirkby says there is a major flaw in the argument that
warming is directly linked to rising CO2 emissions -- between
1945 and 1970 world temperatures dipped while CO2 emissions rose
steadily. ``This dip seems well matched to a decrease in the
sun's activity,'' he said.
But many other scientists have little time for these
arguments, which they say only serve to slow down urgently
required action. ``We have enough evidence for governments to
act,'' said Sir John Houghton, recently retired chairman of
Britain's Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution.
``The greenhouse effect is real and more of the world will
warm up. The potential for rainfall, sea level increases, floods
and droughts are serious. If we carry on burning fossil fuels
without curbs, temperatures will change faster over the next
century than they have over the last 10,000 years,'' said
Houghton, still co-chairman of the IPCC's scientific assessment
working group.
Darren Goetze of the Union of Concerned Scientists in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, agreed that solar activity played a
role in the past but says now it is human activity that is
calling the shots. ``In the 20th century it is quite clear that
solar activity is not dominant. Warming is quite clearly
ascribed to rising greenhouse gases,'' he said.
``The rise since 1970 (after the unexplained dip) is even
steeper than 1900 to 1945. And the 15 warmest years on record
have all been since 1980. For 10,000 years we have seen rather
extraordinary stability. Now we are starting to see
extraordinary variability,'' Goetze said.
CERN TEST RESULTS POSSIBLE IN TWO YEARS
But the debate goes on. Henrik Svensmark, another scientist
from the Danish Meteorological Institute, said current warming
was explained by solar activity currently being the highest in
the last 600 years, coupled with a low cosmic ray count in the
last eight years.
``There is no proof of manmade influence on the climate yet.
The CERN experiment would be very welcome to establish the solar
link,'' Svensmark said.
But Goetze called for clear policy steps now. ``We need to
tighten the commitments of industrialized countries to keep up
the process of decarbonizing economies. Then we need to engage
the developing economies to take the same kind of steps.''
The Kyoto agreement did not include developing countries.
CERN's Kirkby said his planned experiment could be set up
within one year, with results about one year later. It requires
support from some European institutes.
``The experiment could resolve one of the important unknown
effects that have so far prevented reliable calculations of
global warming from greenhouse gases, an issue of profound
economic and social importance to the world,'' he said.
^REUTERS@
ANovelli@aol.com wrote:
> WBrewer,
>
> It's not surprising that this is a tough arguement to make, as the best
> sources I know say that there has yet to be a single peer-reviewed scientific
> paper that opposes man-made changes. Anyone else have evidence/info to the
> contrary?
>
> Tony Novelli
> Bioenergy List SPONSORS and ARCHIVES:
> http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/bioenergy-list-archive/.sasianet/sasianet
Bioenergy List SPONSORS and ARCHIVES:
http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/bioenergy-list-archive/.sasianet/sasianet
From owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org Tue Nov 17 11:14:58 1998
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Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 14:05:56
To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
From: John Walker
Subject: [GKD] ICANN draws criticism from two groups
Sender: owner-gkd@tristram.edc.org
Precedence: bulk
Reply-To: gkd@tristram.edc.org
Status: RO
The CSS Internet News (tm) is a daily e-mail publication that
has been providing up to date information to Netizens since 1996.
Subscription information is available at:
http://www.bestnet.org/~jwalker/inews.htmnergy-list-archive/.sasianet/sasianet
NOTE: Make a donation to your local food bank or favorite charity
from 15 November to 15 December '98 and receive one third off the
yearly subscription rate for the 'News.
The following is an excerpt from the CSS Internet News
Registrations for the On-line Learning Series of Courses
for December are now being accepted. Information is available at:
http://www.bestnet.org/~jwalker/course.htmergy-list-archive/.sasianet/sasianet
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Hunger HURTS, let's make sure everyone has enough this holiday season!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ICANN draws criticism from two groups
By Elinor Mills and Kristi Essick
http://www.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/all/9811124icann/.sasianet/sasianet
Two groups interested in how Internet governance is evolving have
asked the U.S. government not to accept a set of revised bylaws
submitted by the newly created board of directors for Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Last week, the ICANN board presented to the U.S. Department of
Commerce a set of modified bylaws, or guidelines, which detail the
structure and activities of the nonprofit corporation (see story).
Now a group of administrators of country-code Top Level Domains
(ccTLD), which hands out domains that end with codes such as .mx for
Mexico, and a group of Internet experts, known as the Boston Working
Group (BWG), are asking the U.S. government to prevent the ICANN
board from adopting the bylaws. The BWG had submitted an alternative
to ICANN.
The BWG wants the government to wait for a public meeting scheduled
for Nov. 14 in Cambridge, Mass., before approving the bylaws and
transferring to ICANN the authority to oversee top-level domains and
IP addresses. Currently, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) has a contract with the U.S. government to maintain the
Internet infrastructure.
If ICANN has a contract with the U.S. government before the public
meeting, it won't have the incentive to reach a consensus on
controversial issues in the bylaws, the BWG said in its letter.
The BWG is primarily concerned with the role of so-called Supporting
Organizations (SO) in the bylaws. "We see in the current structure a
danger that the SOs will evolve into producer cartels in domain name
and number markets," the letter said.
Meanwhile, administrators for ccTLDs want to preserve existing
policies governing the management of their country-specific domain
names. The group, which is calling itself the International
Association of Top Level Domains (IATLD), has 12 members including
.LA from the Lao People's Democratic Republic, .MX of Mexico and .DO
from the Dominican Republic. A total of 69 ccTLD administrators
support the IATLD, and 66 of them have signed a petition asking ICANN
not to change the existing ccTLD policy, said IATLD member Bill
Semich, president of .NU Domain Ltd.
The revised bylaws would recognize "each nation's sovereign control
over its individual Top Level Domain." However, the existing policy
has allowed any entity to serve as a registry on a first-come,
first-served basis if it meets certain criteria. Few of the more
than 220 ccTLDs are governmental entities, according to Semich. The
current ccTLDs fear that under the revised bylaws, governmental
bodies could apply to become registries and knock most of the current
ccTLDs out of business.
In addition, if the newest ICANN bylaw proposal goes through as is,
individual countries will be left to deal completely with their own
TLD administration process, instead of being part of the global
domain name process that many hoped would come from the formation of
ICANN, IATLD said in its statement.
That could "nationalize and segment the Internet, breaking it up
into parcels of cyber-territories," the statement said.
Esther Dyson, interim chairman of the ICANN board, said, "Obviously
we think we have gone about as far as we can go. She added that "a
fair part of the Internet community is happy with what we've done.
"We've made a lot of progress," she said. "Clearly we haven't won
everybody over, and at some point we're just not going to. The world
is too diverse."
Calls to the Commerce Department and senior policy advisor Ira
Magaziner, who said earlier this week that he planned to resign,
were not returned. However, a statement on the National
Telecommunications Information Administration (NTIA) Web site
indicates there will be no action taken before the meeting on
Saturday.
"We are currently reviewing the ICANN submission," Becky Burr,
associate administrator of the NTIA for international affairs, said
in the statement. "We look forward to the results of the ongoing
online discussions and the results of the ICANN open meeting in
Boston scheduled for Nov. 14."
http://www.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/all/9811091icann/.sasianet/sasianet
---------------
Also in this issue:
- Justice Expert Debunks Browser Integration
Not all organizations need or want Internet browsers built into
their operating systems -- which they do need, said the next witness
in the U.S. Department of Justice versus Microsoft antitrust case in
written testimony released late Friday.
- NSI snafu stalls some Net access
Web surfers trying to gain access to some Web sites hit a roadblock
earlier this week.
- ICANN draws criticism from two groups
Two groups interested in how Internet governance is evolving have
asked the U.S. government not to accept a set of revised bylaws
submitted by the newly created board of directors for Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
- Microsoft showcases new text technology
Microsoft researchers hope to make reading text on computer screens
much easier -- a move that could jump-start the electronic book
business -- with new software, to be first shown at Comdex, that
greatly enhances screen resolution.
- Y2K closes the window on software upgrades
Software providers looking to deliver major upgrades of their
applications may be out of luck as IT organizations stretched too
thin by the year-2000 problem move to postpone all major software
upgrades.
- Group forms to end software chaos
An impressive IT industry force is assembling to launch an ambitious
quest for the holy grail of true interoperability and open systems.
- Lucent To Equip New Homes With Futuristic Network
[November 13, 1998] Lucent Technologies has signed contracts worth
more than $22 million to equip several residential communities now
under construction with an advanced communications network that will
offer a variety of high-tech services.
- National Semiconductor to unveil wireless Internet device design
For those who can't sit still while surfing the Internet, National
Semiconductor Corp. has a device to free Web users from their desks.
- Students Dropping Out, Tuning Into Computer Industry
DAYTON, Ohio -- Last year, University of Dayton sophomores
David Marshall and Kevin Guyton decided it was time to commit to
their dreams of success in the computer business.
It was time to drop out of school.
- New Lists and Journals
* NEW: Teacher Talk - Free Weekly Newsletter
* CHANGE: Simple-Times - Frugal Living
* NEW: This Week In US History
- Sunday Supplement
SURVEYS THIS WEEK:
INTERNATIONAL : Germany Goes on Internet Strike
: Vietnam To Cut Net Access Rates
ISP INDUSTRY : UK ISP Subscriptions Rising
: India Finally Issues ISP Licenses
: Saudi Arabia Issues First ISP Licenses
ECOMMERCE : Holiday Gift Market Remains Untapped
: German Businesses Appraise Ecommerce
: Ecommerce in Europe Set to Rocket
: Majority of SMEs to Build Ecommerce Sites
: Emarketers Respond to Analysts
: Online Trading Settles Down
ADS/MARKETING : Ad Revenue to Hit USD2 Billion in 1998
: Banner Ads Drop in Price
COMPUTER INDUSTRY : PC Sales in the US Will Slump in 2000
MISCELLANEOUS : Online Porn Industry Facing Crisis
: A Flexible Work Place Means Higher Profits
: 44 Percent of College Courses Use Email
On-line Learning Series of Courses
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Member: Association for International Business
-------------------------------
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From: Bittu Sahgal
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Questionable re-introductions
References: <1.5.4.16.19981115141535.4017f24e@202.54.6.1>
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I have no particular knowledge about the leopard mentioned by Sally, but have heard
disturbing stories (no proof) about attempts to reintroduce pet leopards into
forests in different parts of the country with help from some forest officers
brought up on stories of "Elsa the Lion". I fear that these could set into motion
a series of killings and bring wild leopards a bad name in the process.
Bittu
--
Bittu Sahgal,
Editor, Sanctuary Magazine,
602, Maker Chambers V,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai 400 021
Fax: 022-2874380
email:
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From: Krishnaswamy Jagdish
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Questionable re-introductions
In-Reply-To: <1.5.4.16.19981115141535.4017f24e@202.54.6.1>
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Sally and others,
This Barasingha Swamp deer reintroduction is also
mentioned on the West Bengal forest department's wild wing web site.
I have a couple of questions:
1) Was capture from the wild ( Kishanpur, Dudhwa ) not considered as
an alternative to the Lucknow Zoo animals? As you will recall the attempt
to translocate a dozen Brasinghas from Kanha to Bandhavgrah in the
mid-eighties failed and all the deer arrived already dead at the
destination. Maybe techniques have been refined further these days.
Also even wild herbivores sometimes contract disease and periodically
die. Sometimes this is a density-dependant situation.
One cannot assume that all captive bred deer are necessarily all
diseased without scrutiny. I am sure you are more aware of the state of
captive stocks in Indian Zoos, and maybe you can enlighten us.
And will just seven swamp deer suffice or will it doom
this reintroduction to failure?
Why only seven, and not twenty? Was this based on choice of disease free
individuals or just some other bias.
regards,
Jagdish Krishnaswamy
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:15:33 1998
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From: Krishnaswamy Jagdish
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Questionable re-introductions
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Sally and others,
Jaldapara is very much part of the historical range
of the Swamp deer and all the older pre-independence and some post
independence records/naturalist accounts mention it: eg Shebbeare, EP Gee et
c. There are many places which have changed mammalin distributions
because of recent reintroductions either by maharajas or forest
department: eg before 1958, Chital was almost non-existent in Sariska,
Rajasthan. The provision of water and probable release of captive Chital
has resulted in abundant chital. Black buck, Nilgai and wild boar at
Gajner near Bikaner owe their presence to a similar reintroduction and
provision of water. More recently captive sambar and barking deer were
released in the Horsley hills in Andhra Pradesh. I can mention many other
cases.
Till 1978, stray Swamp deer were present in Corbett, Actually, EP Gee
mentions the presence of Swamp deer in the early sixties. There is a plan
to reintroduce them here as well if the habitat is avilable.
Also the leopard in question ( the one caught just outside Chandigarh)
was not released in Rajasthan as you mention but in the Kalesar reserved
forests ( a 100 km2 sanctuary exists on the Haryana side ) in the
Shivaliks.
regards,
Jagdish Krishnaswamy
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:15:44 1998
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From: Bittu Sahgal
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Can village compensation alone prevent tiger-killing?
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I refer to the Deccan Herald report posted on this list (extracted
below). There is no doubt that paying speedy and adequate compensation
has helped the situation, but lets not be so quick to presume that mere
compensation to villagers can prevent the tiger killings. I have
visited the area extensively and have interacted with Range Officers and
villagers. Poaching gangs are much smarter and more ruthless than this
report gives them credit for and across India they have learned to use
villagers as fronts to ply their bloody trade. Over 30 tigers are
reported to have been killed in the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger
Reserve and in the Annamalai forests to the immediate south in a span of
two years. I have not been able to establish that the 30 or so carcasses
were post mortemed... or even found, though there is no evidence to
suggest that they were all killed by poachers either. If the killings
have dwindled, it is probably because with such massive "extraction" it
will take several years for tigers populations in the region to build up
again.
Of course, it hardly helps that roads, a nuclear reactor and uranium
mining are envisaged in this troubled Tiger Reserve.
Bittu
----
"Asked about the largescale poaching of tigers in Nagarjunasagar
Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Ranjitsinh said: "Yes, quite a large number of
tigers were poisoned in this reserve last year. But since the
implemention of the cattle compensation scheme, no case has been
reported this year. Though I haven't visited Srisailam, my information
is that the situation has stabilised."
--
Bittu Sahgal,
Editor, Sanctuary Magazine,
602, Maker Chambers V,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai 400 021
Fax: 022-2874380
email:
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To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: "Development" of Sindhudurg beach (India)
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Dear All,
Another "dream beach" to be "developed".
Any local environmental movements, protests against this?
========================>
ECONOMIC TIMES INDIA NOV 16, 1998
Hotel majors plan to explore Sindhudurg beaches
Meena Nichani
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MUMBAI 14 NOVEMBER
SINDHUDURG, Maharashtra's untapped beach region, is close to becoming a sought
after tourist destination. Leading chains like the Taj, Oberoi and Cidade de
Goa have drawn up plans for setting up five-star luxury hotels on the beaches
in the Sindhudurg district.
The `dream' beach destination, 40 km north of Goa, will be developed at a cost
of Rs 328 crore. Of this, Rs 235 crore will be invested by the private sector
for providing tourist amenities such as accommodation. The remaining amount
will be spent towards infrastructure development by the public sector.
A large part of the private sector investment amounting to Rs 192 crore will
flow in from the hotel majors. The Taj group and Cidade de Goa are setting up
five-star luxury hotels costing Rs 70 crore each at Shiroda and Mochemad. And
Oberoi is setting up a Rs 50-crore hotel at Mithbav.
In all 20 sites spanning five beaches have been selected for developing
tourist activities. As there are many potential tourist destinations, tourist
sites have been clubbed together and grouped into five circuits called nodes.
The tourism development study has been done by Tata Consultancy Services. The
draft report states that investment in each of the five circuits was assessed
on the estimated tourist traffic. Tourist traffic is likely to grow from
12,000 tourists in 1999 to 445,000 tourists by the year 2010.
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:15:52 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 08:24:20 +0800
Reply-To: Nirmal@straitstimes.com.ph
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From: Nirmal@straitstimes.com.ph (Nirmal Ghosh)
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: swamp deer
References:
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jug@acpub.duke.edu,Internet writes:
> Till 1978, stray Swamp deer were present in Corbett, Actually, EP
>Gee
>mentions the presence of Swamp deer in the early sixties. There is a
>plan
>to reintroduce them here as well if the habitat is avilable.
>
I wonder which part of Corbett they were reported from. I know swamp
deer were present (and maybe a few still are) in the southern part,
i.e. Dhela-Jhirna range. I recall seeing three very big stags there
in the late '60s (near the chaur at Phanton FRH). And I've heard of
(never looked for) a herd somewhere near the periphery of Rajaji Nat
Park (Chilla sanctuary).
I was under the impression swamp deer had never crossed the range
into the Dhikala chaur. I think it was Dr Ranjitsinh who told me they
appeared to be unable to cross rather high and rugged ranges, unlike
sambar. I would be interested in where the reports have been, and
where the reintroductions would take place....does anyone know?
- Nirmal
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:15:58 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 13:01:42 +0500
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From: WPSI
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Wildlife Dinner
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Ref.:/WPSI/IC-EM/11-98
16th November, 98
Dear All,
Given below is an e-mail message sent by WPSI to the Hon'ble Chief Minister
of Andhra Pradesh. We urge you to send a similar message to his e-mail
number given below and urge your friends to do so. Dr. Chandra Babu Naidu
is a forward looking person and has brought Andhra Pradesh on the
electronic map. Some of you may also be able to access his website for
this purpose.
With best wishes,
Ashok Kumar
Vice President
Ref.:/WPSI/IC-GOI-EM/11-98
16th November, 98
Shri Chandrababu Naidu
Hon'ble Chief Minister,
Andhra Pradesh
Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naidu,
We have learnt with great concern that a dinner was held on 13th October,
98 which was attended by a number of dignitaries, and at this dinner
allegedly meat of deer, wild boar, peacock and other wild animals was
served in violation of the law. Through this message we urge you to take
the strongest action and bring the guilty to justice. Protection of
wildlife is a global concern since wild creatures are the composite
heritage of the entire mankind.
Through newspapers we have learnt that a few junior persons have been
arrested but some newspapers have alleged that many others are being
shielded. We will urge you to have an open and impartial enquiry so that
anyone found guilty irrespective of his status is brought to justice.
We look forward to the day when Andhra Pradesh is put on the map of
international and national eco-tourism on the same level as Ranthambore
(Rajasthan), Corbett (U.P.), Kanha and Bandhavgarh (M.P.)
Yours sincerely,
Belinda Wright Ashok Kumar
Executive Director Vice President
Brij Bhushan Sharm Bindia Sahgal Sanjay Upadhyay
Conservation Officer Projects Manager Legal Advisor
Baiju Sanyal K.P. Krishnan Jayakumar
Database Consultant Accounts Officer Field Investigator
Dinesh Kannoli Aruna Kamble Manish Moghe
Edward Tete Suresh Kumar
Wildlife Protection Society of India
WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA
Thapar House, 124 Janpath, New Delhi 110001, India
Tel: (Int+91.11) 621 3864 & 623 8710
Fax: (Int+91.11) 646 4918
Email: wpsi@nde.vsnl.net.in
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 09:49:35 +0500
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From: WPSI
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Wildlife Dinner
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Ref.:/WPSI/IC-EM/11-98
16th November, 98
Dear All,
Given below is an e-mail message sent by WPSI to the Hon'ble Chief Minister
of Andhra Pradesh. We urge you to send a similar message to his e-mail
number given below and urge your friends to do so. Dr. Chandra Babu Naidu
is a forward looking person and has brought Andhra Pradesh on the
electronic map. Some of you may also be able to access his website for
this purpose.
With best wishes,
Ashok Kumar
Vice President
E-mail no. of CM is cmap@hyd.ap.nic.in
Ref.:/WPSI/IC-GOI-EM/11-98
16th November, 98
Shri Chandrababu Naidu
Hon'ble Chief Minister,
Andhra Pradesh
Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naidu,
We have learnt with great concern that a dinner was held on 13th October,
98 which was attended by a number of dignitaries, and at this dinner
allegedly meat of deer, wild boar, peacock and other wild animals was
served in violation of the law. Through this message we urge you to take
the strongest action and bring the guilty to justice. Protection of
wildlife is a global concern since wild creatures are the composite
heritage of the entire mankind.
Through newspapers we have learnt that a few junior persons have been
arrested but some newspapers have alleged that many others are being
shielded. We will urge you to have an open and impartial enquiry so that
anyone found guilty irrespective of his status is brought to justice.
We look forward to the day when Andhra Pradesh is put on the map of
international and national eco-tourism on the same level as Ranthambore
(Rajasthan), Corbett (U.P.), Kanha and Bandhavgarh (M.P.)
Yours sincerely,
Belinda Wright Ashok Kumar
Executive Director Vice President
Brij Bhushan Sharm Bindia Sahgal Sanjay Upadhyay
Conservation Officer Projects Manager Legal Advisor
Baiju Sanyal K.P. Krishnan Jayakumar
Database Consultant Accounts Officer Field Investigator
Dinesh Kannoli Aruna Kamble Manish Moghe
Edward Tete Suresh Kumar
Wildlife Protection Society of India
WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA
Thapar House, 124 Janpath, New Delhi 110001, India
Tel: (Int+91.11) 621 3864 & 623 8710
Fax: (Int+91.11) 646 4918
Email: wpsi@nde.vsnl.net.in
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To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Conservationist killed (Tibet Wildlife Trade)
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FYI All:
Attached is a news brief about the recent alleged murder by poachers of a
prominent Tibetan conservationist. A lot of Tibet's wildlife trade feeds into
India's shahtoosh wool trade which is closely monitored by Indian NGO's
seeking to halt the same.
A distressing fact about this trade which has surfaced from various sources is
the alleged involvement of PLA soldiers supplying automatic weapons and
ammunition to local people and contracting out the large scale poaching of
Chiru and other wildlife for a share in the profits.
Belinda and Ashok - if there is further information, please add.
Thanks.
____________________________________
China's top Tibet antelope campaigner slain
BEIJING, Nov 16 (Reuters) - China's leading protector of the endangered
Tibetan antelope was slain in a remote northwestern province earlier this
month, the China Youth Daily reported on Monday.
Zhaba Duojie, deputy Communist Party secretary of Zhidoi county in far western
Qinghai province, was gunned down on November 8 at his home in nearby Yushu,
the newspaper said, using his Chinese name.
The ethnic Tibetan conservationist's wife had gone to a neighbour's house when
she heard three shots from their home and rushed back to find Duojie lying in
a pool of blood with a bullet hole below his left ear, the newspaper said.
The killing was believed to be connected to poachers but was still under
investigation, it said.
Duojie manned a wildlife protection centre in Hoh Xil, China's largest
unpopulated area and home to some of China's most endangered mammals,
including the Tibetan antelope, the Tibetan wild donkey and snow leopards.
Located in the northwest corner of the vast Qinghai-Tibet plateau where
altitudes average 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), the centre was named after Doje's
predecessor, Gyaisang Soinamdaje, who was killed in a fight with poachers four
years ago.
The Tibetan antelope, also called the chiru, is prized for the fur around its
throat known as shahtoosh, trade in which has been illegal in most of the
world since 1976.
Despite its illegal status, shahtoosh ``king of wool'' shawls, woven in the
Indian state of Kashmir, fetch more than $15,000 as a status symbol garment in
Europe.
Experts estimate that there are 75,000 to 100,000 Tibetan antelopes left and
that as many as 20,000 a year are killed by gangs in China who shoot the
animals 500 at a time from vehicles and smuggle the wool to India.
Last month the official Xinhua news agency reported that 14 Tibetan poachers
were given prison sentences ranging from three to 13 years and fined
700-15,000 yuan ($84-$1,807) for killing 500 antelope and buying 212 hides
last winter in Tibet.
($-8.3 yuan)
06:31 11-16-98
Copyright 1998 Reuters Limited.
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:16:15 1998
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To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Andhra Pradesh -WWF Tiger Initiative
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FWD FROM DECCAN CHRONICLE
NOV 16, 1998
===================>
WWF wants tigers to
roar in Khammam
Hyderabad, Nov. 15: The World Wide Fund for
Nature plans to lend special impetus to tiger
sanctuaries in the State, especially those around
the Papikonda hill tracts in Khammam and West
Godavari districts for protection of this highly
endangered species.
Under a new tiger conservation programme, the
WWF is contemplating providing additional
funds to select sanctuaries to improve prey base
and breeding nucleus of the magnificent animal
and check poaching with improved technology
among others.
"We haven't finalised the areas, but we find that
sanctuaries in parts of Khammam and West
Godavari districts....Papikonda hills have high
potential for implementation of the programme
there. We are certainly keen on taking up next
year, provided the State government is equally
serious about it," Dr M K Ranjitsinh, Director
and Regional Coordinator WWF (Tiger
Conservation) told Deccan Chronicle.
Ranjitsinh was here to over see the
implementation of the WWF sponsored cattle
compensation programme in Eturnagaram,
Kinnerasani, Pakhal Tiger sanctuaries in
Khammam and Warangal districts and expressed
satisfaction.
The scheme envisages payment of incentives to
informants about killing of cattle by tigers.
Anyone who informs forest officials about killing
of a cattle by a tiger within 24 hours is paid Rs
300, between 24 hours and 48 hours Rs 200 and
beyond 48 hours Rs 100.
This is in addition to the payment of Rs 1,000
made by the State government to the cattle
owner for every cattle killed before the actual
value of the animal is fixed by village panchas.
"Our aim is to see that cattle-owners are
adequately compensated for the loss. We have
paid compensation in 340 cases in Corbett park
and other areas in Uttar Pradesh and some cases
in Andhra Pradesh. The scheme is successful.
On the otherside, the aim is to check killing of
tigers by the owners of the lost cattle in
retaliation," he said.
Asked about the largescale poaching of tigers in
Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve,
Ranjitsinh said: "Yes, quite a large number of
tigers were poisoned in this reserve last year. But
since the implemention of the cattle
compensation scheme, no case has been
reported this year. Though I haven't visited
Srisailam, my information is that the situation has
stabilised."
It's a vicious circle. When tigers lose their prey
base they hunt in nearby villages and kill cattle.
The furious owners who are deprived of their
daily bread retaliate and poison the big cats.
The Forest Department has to regulate grazing of
cattle, particularly those around reserved
forests.Complimenting the Andhra Pradesh
government, Ranjitsinh said it was the only State
promptly paying compensation to owners whose
cattles are killed by tigers. "I wish others follow
it," he said.
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:16:24 1998
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Subject: Indian Books Update - ~ZOO/8G8I
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Some new publications on India
Dear Research/Subject Specialist: IBU: ~ZOO/8G8I
Here are some recent titles on the area/s of your specialisation added to
our database. You may e-mail, fax or post your enquiries/orders to us for
any of these or other published materials from India.
As a part of the Anniversary Celebration of Indian Independence, we offer a
**Special Discount of 10% on all orders reaching us till 31 December 1998**.
While ordering please give a reference to this bulletin which is why this is
numbered. Also, we _make all shipments by registered AIRMAIL with no
additional charges_. For ordering details please refer at the end.
1. Agarwal, V.,
Sarup's Advance Dictionary of Zoology / V. Agarwal. 1st ed. New Delhi,
Sarup & Sons. 1998. vi, 214 p. 23 cm.
ISBN: 8176250309 $ 12.50 KK-04669
2. Mundra, S. N.,
Integrated Pest Management in Irrigated Agriculture / Edited by S. N. Mundra
& A. H. Shah. 1st ed. Udaipur, Himanshu Publications. 1998. xii, 283 p.
maps. 23 cm.
Lecture notes presented by academicians, researchers and filed practitioners
during a training course on "Integrated Pest Management" organised by
Rajasthan Agricultural Drainage Research Project (RAJAD) at Kota.
ISBN: 8186231307 $ 34.80 KK-04793
3. Prakash, M.,
Birds in Laboratory / M. Prakash and C. K. Arora. 1st ed. New Delhi, Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. viii, 232 p. ills. 25 cm. (Encyclopaedia of
Laboratory Techniques Series).
ISBN: 8174887555 $ 45 KK-04858
4. Prakash, M.,
Breeding in Laboratory Animals / M. Prakash and C. K. Arora. 1st ed. New
Delhi, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. viii, 261 p. ills. 25 cm.
(Encyclopaedia of Laboratory Techniques Series).
ISBN: 8174887547 $ 45 KK-04882
5. Prakash, M.,
Laboratory Animals / M. Prakash and C. K. Arora. 1st ed. New Delhi, Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. viii, 262 p. ills. 25 cm. (Encyclopaedia of
Laboratory Techniques Series).
ISBN: 8174887539 $ 45 KK-04885
6. Prakash, M.,
Laboratory Culture of Animals / M. Prakash and C. K. Arora. 1st ed. New
Delhi, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. viii, 232 p. ills. 25 cm.
(Encyclopaedia of Laboratory Techniques Series).
ISBN: 817488758X $ 45 KK-04910
7. Prakash, M.,
Methods in Toxicology / M. Prakash and C. K. Arora. 1st ed. New Delhi,
Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. viii, 276 p. ills. 25 cm.
(Encyclopaedia of Laboratory Techniques Series).
ISBN: 8174887628 $ 45 KK-04884
8. Siddhantalankar, Shrinidhi,
The Lost Wilderness : Sookhey Sunsaan Naalon Mein / Shrinidhi
Siddhantalankar, translated and illustrated by Vinod Rishi. 1st ed. Delhi,
Atma Ram & Sons. 1998. xiv, 213 p. ills. 22 cm.
ISBN: 8170433649 $ 11.30 KK-04667
Price indicated against each is in US dollars.
Libraries & institutions may straight raise their purchase orders thru
email, fax or post and pay routinely after receipt of materials & their
corresponding invoices.
Individual orders may be pre-paid conveniently thru their personal checks
drawn in US dollars (or any other equivalent currency) favouring
and while so doing kindly put title/s together, so that a one
time order totals upto US $ 20.
We at KK are dedicated to making your experience with us more enjoyable and
convenient.
Assuring you of our best attention always, with kind regards,
Yours faithfully,
K. R. Mittal
kkagen@giasdl01.vsnl.net.in:email
K. K. Agencies
www.kkagencies.com:www
Online Store of Indian Publications
(+0091/11)5412716:fax
H-12 Bali Nagar, New Delhi-110015/India
(+0091/11)5465925:phone
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Sender: owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU
From: Kavita Boga
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: STATUS OF PROJECTS SUBMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
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X-To: Ashish Kothari ,
Valmik Thapar ,
Ajit Kaujalgi ,
Belinda Wright ,
BNHS ,
Centre for Science and Environment ,
Claude Alvares ,
Colin Gonsalves ,
Daman Deep Singh ,
Dave Currey ,
"Deepika D'Souza" ,
Environment Investigation Agency ,
"Ganesh, NBA" ,
Himanshu Thakkar ,
Ian Lockwood ,
Joana van Gruisen ,
Kishor Rithe ,
Krishnendu Bose ,
Madhav Gadgil ,
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--------------8812781ED5C80668A5C66CE3
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Those of you who have internet connectivity will want to visit this
site. It lists the projects that have been submitted for environmental
clearance to the MoEF (Thermal Power Plants, River Valley Projects,
Industrial Projects, Infrastructural Projects and Mining Projects). The
listing is by no means complete, but with a little effort it is possible
to glean at least some information from this site.
http://envfor.delhi.nic.in/envfor/ia/clear.html9811091icann/.sasianet/sasianet
Bittu Sahgal,
Editor, Sanctuary Magazine,
602, Maker Chambers V,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai 400 021
Fax: +91-22-2874380
Email:
--------------8812781ED5C80668A5C66CE3
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lear.html"
STATUS OF PROJECTS SUBMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
STATUS OF PROJECTS SUBMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
CLEARANCE
|
Sl. No.
|
Thermal Power
Plant
|
River Valley
Projects
|
Industrial Projects
|
Infrastructural
Projects
|
Mining
|
|
1. |
M/s Snehlata Power Ltd., Andhra
Pradesh
|
Champamati Irriga-tion Project,
Deptt of Irrigation, Govt. of Assam.
|
Integrated
Complex at Jambalpade Tadipatri Distt of M/s SJK Steel Ltd. Andhra Pradesh |
Construction of Lighted Beacon at
RosenPoint Greater Nicobar Island, A & N Island.
|
Limestone Open cast Mine of M/s
Deccan Cement Ltd, Andhra Pradesh. |
|
2. |
M/s L.V.S. Power Ltd. Andhra Pradesh
|
Kopili H.E.P. Stage.II (1x25 MW)
North East electric Power Corpn. Ltd., Assam.
|
Cement Plant at Rama-puram, Nalgonda
of M/s Priyadarshini Cement Ltd. Andhra Pradesh. |
Construction of dedicated Jetty
for BPI Power Krishnapatnam, Nellore Distt. of Andhra Pradesh.
|
Bhimili Beach Garnet Sand Project
of M/s Indian Rare Earths Ltd. Andhra Pradesh. |
|
3. |
M/s Appolo Energy Co. Ltd., Delhi
|
Dhamwari sunda Hydro-Electric Project,
Himachal Pradesh.
|
Hydro-treater Project of M/s IOC,
Assam. |
Construction of a Resort, village
Devka, Daman of m/s Miramar Resorts Pvt. Ltd. Goa.
|
Lignite Mine of m/s GMDC, Gujarat. |
|
4. |
M/s Reliance Salgocar Power Co.
Ltd., Goa.
|
UHL Hydro-electric Project, Himachal
Pradesh. |
Expansion of Barauni Refinery of
M/s IOC, Bihar. |
Construction of a Time Share Beach
Resort of Mr. Darryl Pereira, Goa.
|
Lignite Mine of M/s GMDC, Gujarat. |
|
5. |
Combined Cycled Power Project of
M/s NTPC, Gujarat
|
Khauli H.E. Project, Himachal Pradesh. |
Vadinar-Kandla Product Pipeline
of M/s IOC, Gujarat. |
Construction of a Hotel Project,
Mormugoa of M/s Nova Resort Pvt. Ltd. Goa.
|
Lignite Mining Project of M/s GMDC,
Gujarat. |
|
6. |
Akrimota Thermal Power Project of
M/s Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. |
Poshir Dam Project, Maharashtra. |
Hazira Fertilizer Projecst Phase-II
of M/s KRIBHCO, Gujarat. |
Construction of Hotel of M/s Sunset
Resorts (P) Ltd., Goa. |
Bauxite Mining Project of M/s Orient
Abrasive Ltd., Gujarat. |
|
7. |
Ambalamugal Eranukulam of M/s Cochin
Refineries Ltd., Kerala. |
Malshej Ghat Pumped storage Scheme,
Maharashtra. |
Mangalore-Bangalore Product Pipeline
Projct of M/s HPCL, Karnataka. |
Construction of a Beach Resort by
Mr. Grath D’Souza , Goa. |
Kapildhara UG Coal Mine of M/s SECL,
Madhya Pradesh. |
|
8. |
Minipur Heavy Fuel Power Plant of
Govt. of Manipur Electricity Deptt.
|
Chikhaldara Pumped Storage scheme,Maharashtra
|
Foundry Unit of M/s DGP Hindoday
Industries ltd. Maharashtra. |
Construction of 100% Export oriented
Scheme of M/s Mormugao Offshore Maritime Stockyard Ltd. & Berth, Goa. |
Opencast Mine of M/s Jindal Strips
Ltd. Madhya Pradesh. |
|
9. |
TPP at Hirma Distt. Of M/s CEPA,
Orissa.
|
Tuivai Hydro-electric Project, Mizoram. |
Gasket Sheeting at Pune of M/s Uni
Kilinger Ltd., Maharashtra. |
Punjab Refinery Project, Bhatinda
Distt. of Punjab SPM of the Coast of Mundara of M/s HPCL, Punjab.
|
Lohara (East) Coal Mine of M/s ACC
Ltd., Maharashtra. |
|
10. |
CPP for Aluminium Project of M/s
Sterlite Industries Ltd., Orissa.
|
Lower suktel Irriga-tion Project,
Orissa. |
Aluminium Smelter Project of M/s
Sterlite Industries Ltd., Orissa. |
Barge Mounted Power Project of M/s
Smith Co-Generation (India) Pvt. Ltd., Karnataka.
|
Lohara (West) Coal Mine of m/s Nippon
Denro Ispat Ltd., Maharashtra. |
|
11. |
DG PP, Dabenheri Distt. Of M/s SIEL,
Punjab.
|
Lower Indra Irriga-tion Projct,
Orissa. |
Punjab Refinery of M/s HPCL, Punjab. |
Establishment of a Maritime Operation
room Communication Station and the Administrative Blocks at New Mangalore
Port Trust of M/s Coast Guard., Karnataka.
|
Pauni Open Cast Coal Mine of M/s
WCL Maharashtra. |
|
12. |
PP at Phulo-khari Distt. Bhatinda,
of M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corpn. Ltd., Punjab.
|
Pipalpankha Dam Project, Orissa. |
Alcohol Manufacturing Unit of M/s
Vintage Distilleries Ltd. Rajasthan. |
Construction of a Luxury Hotel in
Kovalum Beach Resort Area of M/s Mini V. Jawahar (now residing in USA)
Exemption from CRZ rules. |
Captive Lime-stone Mine of M/s Orient
Cements Ltd. Rajasthan,. |
|
13. |
CPP of M/s Tamil Nadu Chemicals
Product Ltd., Tamil Nadu.
|
Teesta H.E. Project Stage, V,NHPC,
Sikkim. |
Expansion of Steel Plant of M/s
Sourthern Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Tamil Nadu. |
Worki-Bandra Links Road, Maharashtra |
Barytes, china Clay and Quartz Mine
of M/s Shiv Kumar Dewedi, Rajasthan. |
|
14. |
|
|
Expansion of Production capacity
for manufacturing of Asbestos of M/s Rana Brakes Lining Ltd.
|
Construction of Break water and
other related activities for LNG Import Terminal & Dabhol, Maharashtra.
|
Quartz and Fertilizer Mine of M/s
B.N. Mining Co. Rajasthan. |
|
15. |
|
|
Production of Alloy Steel Casting
of M/s Harihar Alloy Casting Pvt. Ltd. Tamil Nadu.
|
Expansion of Abhishek Beach Resort
of M/s Courtesy Hotels Pvt. Ltd. Maharashtra.
|
Rampura-Agucha Mine Expansion of
M/s Hindustan Zinc Ltd. Rajasthan. |
|
16. |
|
|
Gorakhpur Fertilizer Projct of M/s
KRIBHCO, Uttar Pradesh.
|
Construction of a Beach Resort of
M/s Good Food Hotels Pvt. Ltd. Maharashtra.
|
Heavy Minerals Kudiraimozhi Mine
of M/s Indian Rare Earths Ltd., Tamil Nadu. |
| 17. |
|
|
Grass roots Fertilizers Complex
at Haldia of M/s Paharpur Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd., West Bangal.
|
Transporting Coal Cargo by Road
from Mundra Jetty to nagothane Rail Siding for MSEB of M/s Esquire Oil
Trade Pvt. Ltd. Maharashtra.
|
Mine-1A Open Cast Mine of M/s Neyveli
Lignite Corpn. Ltd. Tamil Nadu. |
|
18. |
|
|
Crude Oil Pipeline Project for Punjab
Refinery of M/s HPCL, Punjab. |
Construction of Mumbai -Nashik Expressway,
Maharashtra. |
|
|
19. |
|
|
|
Construction of Mumbai -Talasari
Expressway, Maharashtra. |
|
|
20. |
|
|
|
Construction of Mumbai-Sawantwadi
Expressway (Phase-I) Mumbai to Mahad, Raigad, Maharashtra. |
|
|
21. |
|
|
|
Proposed Walkway and Promonides
from the foot of Hanging Garden to Nepean Sea Road malabar Hill Citizen’s
Forum, Maharashtra.
|
|
|
22. |
|
|
|
Hotel Complex of Summer Resort at
Kodaikanal, of M/s Ferani Hotels Ltd. Tamil Nadu. |
|
|
23. |
|
|
|
Garnet Mining Project of M/s V.V.
Minerals, Tamil Nadu.
|
|
|
24. |
|
|
|
Propylene Import Terminal, Cuddalore
of M/s Tamil Nadu Products Ltd., Tamil Nadu.
|
|
--------------8812781ED5C80668A5C66CE3--
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:17:08 1998
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Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 10:34:38 +1000
Reply-To: Glen.Ingram@hyder-con.com.au
Sender: owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU
From: Glen.Ingram@hyder-con.com.au
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Re: Birdsong and conservation
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As regards Bittu Sahgal's letter. Some of the best work I have seen on the
effect of noise on wildlife has been done by consultants. That was because
a client wanted to know the information.
As too the Golden Bowerbird work, it is difficult to comment on it from
newspaper and television reports, but the conclusions seem confusing.
Firstly, are the calls of the bird important in recognising mates? If they
aren't, then what is the significance of the observations? Allopatric
populations will have differences in many characters just by historical
"sampling error". Secondly, if the calls are important for recognition of
mates, why aren't the populations different species? It means the
populations cannot exchange genes. If they are different species, then this
will be a case of normal vertebrate species conservation.
Even so, such vertebrate studies are usually expensive and redundant for
conservation. To justify conserving rainforest patches, one does not need
to do studies on bird calls. If the patches of rainforest - where the
different Golden Bowerbirds were recorded - were also examined for their
invertebrate fauna ,there would be many different sister species, even
genera and families that would tell you the same thing. We have found this
again and again with snails and isopods. The vertebrate brush is usually
too broad a brush to be of use in small scale biogeography. But people do
get carried away when it actually can be a finer brush, as in this case.
Don't get me wrong. The bowerbird results are stunningly interesting!
If there is a lesson from invertebrate survey it is this. The conservation
picture gathered from vertebrate data is indeed depressing: but it is
positively cheery compared to the situation gleaned from surveys of
invertebrates, which usually subdivide habitats even more In Queensland,
Australia, for example, we have many isolated patches of dry rainforest,
full of endemic invertebrates, and uninteresting vertebrate-wise. It only
takes a mad farmer an hour with a bulldozer to clear these patches. And
they do, And no one cares. That is because conservation is actually based
upon the broadbrush of vertebrate data, which encourages a relative
complacency.
A surprising and depressing conclusion. Alas, your situation in India will
be even worse than most people think.
Glen Ingram
Hyder Consulting
Brisbane, Australia
From WATERPUBS@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV Tue Nov 17 10:52:15 1998
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****************************************************************
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCE CENTER
(operated by GCI Information Services, Inc)
UPDATE
****************************************************************
Location: 401 M Street SW, RC-4100
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone: 202-260-7786
E-mail: center.water-resource@epa.gov
Hours: 8:30 am to 4:30 pm
Monday through Friday
The Monthly Update is a service from the EPA Office of Water
Resource Center (WRC) that provides notification of publications
and services available through the WRC, as well as mention of
internet resources relevant to water issues, for EPA staff and
other interested professionals. If you would like to be added to
the distribution list, please contact the WRC via email or by
telephone, or by fax 202-260-0386. Please include your email
address or fax number within the body of your request.
Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of the
Monthly Update provided appropriate credit is given to the U.S.
EPA Office of Water Resource Center.
****************************************************************
NEWS AND NOTES
****************************************************************
The EPA Office of Water Resource Center now has a new e-mail
address: center.water-resource@epa.gov
New publications of note include the development document and
economic analysis of the final effluent guidelines for the
pharmaceutical manufacturing industry (EPA 821/R-98-005 and EPA
821/B-98-009). The new guide to EPA Office of Water information
systems has also recently been released (EPA 800/B-98-001). The
technical development document for the Proposed Phase I Uniform
Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) is available from the
Water Resource Center (EPA 821/R-98-009) in CD-ROM format.
****************************************************************
NEW DOCUMENTS
****************************************************************
Unless otherwise indicated, copies of these items may be obtained
by contacting the Water Resource Center. EPA homepage addresses
are included where applicable.
**National Primary Drinking Water Regulations**
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Analytical Methods
for Certain Pesticides and Microbial Contaminants; Proposed Rule
815/Z-98-003 July 31, 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/standard/ameth-fr.html9811091icann/.sasianet/sasianet
National Primary Water Regulations: Analytical Methods for
Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants; Final Rule and Proposed
Rule
815/Z-98-002 September 3, 1998
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/1998/September/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
4.htm
**Small System Compliance**
SMALL SYSTEM COMPLIANCE TECHNOLOGY LIST FOR THE SURFACE WATER
TREATMENT RULE AND TOTAL COLIFORM RULE
816/R-98-001 September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/standard/tlistter.pdftember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This document is an annotated list of treatment technologies that
can be used by small water systems to comply with the surface
water treatment rule (SWTR) and total coliform rule (TCR). The
document describes treatment technologies listed in the SWTR and
TCR as well as those not listed.
VARIANCE TECHNOLOGY FINDINGS FOR CONTAMINANTS REGULATED BEFORE
1996
815/R-98-003 September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/standard/varfd.pdfpdftember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments requires EPA to
compile a list of compliance and/or variance technologies that
small drinking water systems can use to comply with pre-1996
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs). This
document examines 80 drinking water contaminants for possible
inclusion in a variance technology list.
**Tribal**
DRINKING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE GRANTS TRIBAL SET-ASIDE PROGRAM
FINAL GUIDELINES
816/R-98-020 October 1998
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/tribal/tribsrf.pdfember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996 established
the Drinking Water Infrastructure Grants Tribal Set-Aside Program
(DWIG TSA). This program allows EPA to award federal grants for
infrastructure improvements for public drinking water systems
that serve Tribes. This document establishes general funding
guidelines for this program.
**Immediate Office**
EPA WATER PROGRAM INFORMATION SYSTEMS COMPENDIUM-FY 1998
800/B-98-001 August 1998
http://www.epa.gov/ow/compendium.htmlribsrf.pdfember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This document provides water program managers and other water
professionals with a directory of management information systems
offered by the Office of Water and other EPA program offices, other
federal agencies and nongoverment organizations. Profiles of
individual systems include a general description, contact names and
Internet addresses.
YEAR 2000 WATER FACT SHEET
800/F-98-001 September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/year2000/ow.htmtmlribsrf.pdfember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This fact sheet provides EPA's recommended actions to drinking water
and wastewater treatment operators in dealing with the Year 2000 or
"Y2K" problem.
**Pharmaceuticals**
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
STANDARDS FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
821/R-98-005 July 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OST/guide/pharm/techdev.htmlember/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This document contains final regulations for the development of
effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the pharmaceutical
manufacturing point source category.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
STANDARDS FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
821/B-98-009 July 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OST/guide/pharm/econanal.htmlmber/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This economic analysis (EA) examines compliance costs and economic
impacts resulting from the final effluent limitations guidelines and
standards for the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. The EA
estimates the effects of compliance with both rules in terms of total
aggregate annualized costs of compliance, facility closures, impacts
on firms and new sources, and associated secondary impacts.
**Science and Technology**
DEVELOPING CRITERIA TO PROTECT OUR NATION'S WATERS
823/F-98-002 April 1998
This brochure updates the 1990 document with the same title and
provides basic information about water quality standards and the
establishment of water quality criteria.
OW CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR BIOSOLIDS DISKETTE #1
821/C-98-005 September 1998
This diskette contains the following methods: 200.7, 200.9, 1680,
1682, 1683 and 1684.
REPORT ON THE PEER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP ON SELENIUM AQUATIC TOXICITY
AND BIOACCUMULATION
822/R-98-007 September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/ost/selenium/workshop/reportx.pdf/Day-03/w2220anet/sasianet
This document reports on presentations made during the workshop held
on May 27-28, 1998 sponsored by EPA, "Peer Consultation Workshop on
Selenium Aquatic Toxicity and Bioaccumulation".
PROPOSED PHASE I UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF
THE ARMED FORCES- TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
821/R-98-009 August 1998
http://206.5.146.100/n45/doc/unds/PROPRULE/TDD/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
This document, available in both CD-ROM format and hard copy, provides
the technical background for proposed Phase I regulation of discharges
from Armed Forces Vessels as allowed under the Uniform National
Discharge Standards (UNDS) provisions of the Clean Water Act (CWA).
**Wastewater Management**
GUIDE TO USING EPA'S AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE FOR THE DRINKING WATER
STATE REVOLVING FUND PROGRAM
832/B-98-003 September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/OWM/layout.pdf/PROPRULE/TDD/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic federal funds
transfer system used by federal agencies to deposit money into grant
recipients' bank accounts. This document describes how EPA uses ACH
to distribute Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) monies to
States.
FUNDING ESTUARY PROJECTS USING THE CLEAN WATER STATE REVOLVING FUND
832/F-98-005 October 1998
This fact sheet presents information about the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and how this program can be used as a source of
funding for estuary protection projects.
****************************************************************
ORDERING INFORMATION
****************************************************************
800/B-98-001
800/F-98-001
815/R-98-003
815/Z-98-002
815/Z-98-003
816/R-98-001
816/R-98-020
821/B-98-009
821/C-98-005
821/R-98-005
821/R-98-009
822/R-98-007
823/F-98-002
832/B-98-003
832/F-98-005
To order any documents available through the WRC, cut and paste the
following list of document numbers into your email message, delete any
you do not want, and add your name and postal address.
From owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU Tue Nov 17 11:20:24 1998
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Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 14:27:03 +0530 (IST)
Reply-To: zooreach@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in
Sender: owner-nathistory-india@lists.Princeton.EDU
From: "Sally Walker, Z.O.O./CBSG, India/ARNIZE"
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Questionable re-introductions
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
X-Sender: zooreach@202.54.6.1
X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Light Version 1.5.4 (16)
X-Listprocessor-Version: 8.1 -- ListProcessor(tm) by CREN
Status: RO
Is anyone aware of the following proposed reintroductions
1. The "reintroduction" or introduction of captive Barasingha from Lucknow
Zoo to Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary by the Forest Department of West Bengal.
2. The "reintroduction" of the famous t.v. watching leopard of recent
newspaper fame back to the wild after spending a couple or three weeks in a
zoo.
If so, why hasn't anyone said anything about it on this network? If not,
let me propose a couple of questions about things I am not sure about and/or
am too lazy to research.
Regarding reintroduction or introduction of barasingha to Jaldapara, is
Jaldapara a historical range of barasingha ? Is it not the case that
ungulates (such as deer) which have been exposed to and possibly (probably)
even have t.b. stand a very good chance of passing it on to other ungulates
(such as rhinos)? There are many other questions but I am relatively sure
of those answers.
Regarding returning of the leopard to the forest, does it seem sensible that
a wild leopard which had sufficient confidence and inclination to enter a
house and relax on a bed (whether watching t.v. or merely giving that
impression!) which was then captured and kept in a zoo for several weeks is
a fit candidate for returning to a wild area in Rajasthan. This question is
predicated on the presumption that there may not be any wild areas which are
sufficiently removed from human habitation to provide sufficient
discouragement of such a leopard. My suspicion is that this leopard might
even have been a pet at some time. Maybe this is known now but I have not
heard it. I do know for a fact that the animal has been requested to be
handed over from the zoo to the forest department for release back to the wild.
I have a little more information on the barasingha project but that's all I
know about the leopard.
I must confess that my hands are tied on the barasingha issue because I was
a member of the Central Zoo Authority Technical Committee which decided that
the animals could be spared from the Lucknow Zoo. I objected but the extent
of my achievement was in getting the number of animal reduced to 7 from a
much larger number. I have complained on seeing that the project was really
going to happen but my complaints have drawn a reply reminding me that I was
on the committee. That doesn't tell the story but it does prevent me from
doing more howling. Would anyone out there be interested in following this
up. I hate to be obstructive to any new initiative but this one seems so
full of problems and I am too familiar with how such problems are glossed
over when someone wants to complete a sexy new project.
With my very best wishes, -- please note change in phone & fax nos.
Sally Walker
Zoo Outreach Organisation/Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, CBSG,
India Asian Regional Network of International Zoo Educators
Box 1683, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 640 004 India
Phones 91 422 563 159; 561 087 Fax 91 422 563 269
Our Websites are all "in process" but you may like to check them out anyway:
1. CBSG, India : CAMP PHVA Results -- http://members.xoom.com/ZOOIndia//PROPRULE/TDD/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
2. ZOO, ZOOS' PRINT, ZOO ZEN -- http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/vines/6883/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
3. History of Zoos and Nat Hist in India http://members.tripod.com/~SPHOZANHIvines/6883/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
4. About Sally Walker personally and the Asian Regional Network of
International Zoo Educators http://members.tripod.com/~SallyANHIvines/6883/TDD_Phs1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet Walker
From jp@ces.iisc.ernet.in Tue Nov 17 15:18:40 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 15:17:46 +0530 (IST)
From: Janardanan Pillai
To: all@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Subject: HAM radio/internet talk (fwd)
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Status: RO
Dr.K.S.Sangunni sez:
>From sangu@physics.iisc.ernet.in Mon Nov 16 17:08:58 1998
Message-Id: <36500E8D.B058F225@physics.iisc.ernet.in>
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 17:07:50 +0530
From: "Dr.K.S.Sangunni"
X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (Win95; I)
Mime-Version: 1.0
To: Gopi K Garge
Subject: HAM radio/internet talk
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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There is going to be a talk on ham radio and internet
followd by a demo. Please broadcast the following message
regards
sangunni
Subject : INTERNET AND HAM RADIO
Speaker: Mr.M.Agarwal (VU2 WAP )
17th Tuesday at 5 PM
NCSI auditorium
followed by a demonstration
The most popular and exciting way for Ham Radio
operators interested in DX'ing (working the world) to
exchange DX related information is through internet! The
following is the general info about the talk.
One station is set up with Packet Cluster and is linked
to one or more other stations who have installed the
software. These nodes when connected, are called a cluster.
Individual users connect to the nodes on a particular
frequency, different from what the node stations are linked
on. Users are capable of announcing DX spots and related
announcements, send personal talk messages, send and receive
mail messages, search and retrieve archived data, and
access data from information databases among its many
features.
--
From ceslib@ces.iisc.ernet.in Tue Nov 17 17:34:00 1998
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Tue, 17 Nov 1998 17:33:06 +0530
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 17:33:06 +0530 (IST)
From:
To: all@ces.iisc.ernet.in
cc: CES Library
Subject: Non availablity of Xerox Facility
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Status: RO
Hello
We regret to inform you that the Xerox Machine in CES Library is not
available for use until get repaired.
(Engineer Suggested to replace some PARTS)
Excepting your cooperation
CHAIRMAN/LIBRARIAN
From owner-et-w1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE Tue Nov 17 20:38:11 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 12:05:13 +0100
Reply-To: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
Sender: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
From: Jacky Foo
Subject: IBS-GEN : composting dead animals
To: ET-W1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Status: RO
----------forwarded
From: Jacky Foo
has the group thought of sieving the original compost first so that
separated tissue and skin can be returned for further composting ?
Time is an important factor in the reduction of pathogens during
composting. I have seen a chart before and remember that it can take up 2
or more years for natural inactivation of cysts.
regards
jacky
>From: Tracey Takeuchi
>I am involved with a group that has mentioned that they are "composting"
>dead sheep. I suggested concern over the incomplete decomposition and
>potential for pathogens that could be spread as a result. Most use the
>composted material as broadcast fertilizer to their sheep pastures. The
>composting is incomplete because they have encountered tissue such
>as fat and skin.
>
>Could you direct me to sufficient information to present them that would
>uphold my concern? Or perhaps to information that could aide them in the
>complete composting of this material so as to reduce pathogens?
From owner-et-w1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE Tue Nov 17 20:38:30 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 11:22:07 +0100
Reply-To: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
Sender: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
From: Jacky Foo
Subject: IBS-GEN : Crest Chicken Limited Fiji
Comments: cc: "William.Chute@goodmanfielder.com.au"
To: ET-W1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Status: RO
---forwarded
From: Jacky Foo
Asifo Ajuyah wrote:
Nov 11th:
>....how to efficiently handle the waste from their
>abattoir that currently process 25,000 broiler chickens per day
>with the following waste:-
>water = 8 gallons per bird per day.
>solid = 5% per bird per day
Nov 13, you wrote:
>At the final stage or end of the day CC is left with approximately 3000
>tons of solids made up of the following - feet, head, feathers, gut and
gut
>contents from 25,000 broiler chickens plus between 318200 to 454600 litres
>of wash water.
there is a significant difference in the information you provided on Nov 11
and Nov 13:
8 gallons (3.8 liters = 1 gallon) per bird (30.4 liters) x 25,000 birds
will give 760,000 liters. If 1 bird weighs 1.5 kg, 25000 birds will be
37,500 kg and if the carcass weight is 75 % (i.e. 25 % waste), solids will
be 9,375 kg per day.
comments:
(1) 3000 tons waste solids per day seems very wrong.
(2) 30.4 litres (or 15 liters) of wash water per bird is certainly too
wasteful.
(3) what does CC do with 25,000 chicken per day ? it is for export !
regards
Jacky
From owner-et-w1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE Tue Nov 17 20:38:32 1998
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Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 15:00:23 +0100
Reply-To: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
Sender: Integrated Bio-Systems - General Forum
From: Jacky Foo
Subject: ICIBS-MEN : experiment with Table 12
To: ET-W1@SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Status: RO
----------forwarded
From: BUI XUAN MEN
Dear Jacky,
I very apologize you for answering your questions too late, because I only
received your messages on files (5!) two days ago. I don't know why my
mail-address having problems???
On message of 4 Nov you wrote:
>>A total of 800 crossbred Cherry Valley ducklings were
>>brooded and trained to scavenge from 1-28 days of age
>>in the farmer households of a hamlet of Cantho province.
>>After brooding the ducks were divided into 4 flocks with
>>190 ducks in each and were herded and managed by
>>4 farmer households.
>
>Q: what do you do with dead ducklings ?
The farmers usually boil any dead birds and give to either their pigs or
fish in the ponds.
>Q: how does one train a duckling to scavenge ?
Even from 3 days to one week of age the ducklings have a natural instinct
to scavenge. The farmer simply herds the young birds to a suitable area.
>>The ducks were let loose in rice fields post harvest from
>>6.00 h to 17.30 h daily. There were 3 supplemental diets:
>>- 50 g/day of a mixture of broken rice and dried fish meal
>> (BFM) for flock 1,
>>- 50 g/day broken rice (BR) for flock 2
>>- and 20 g dried fish meal (FM) for flock 3
>>and compared to
>>- no supplementary feed (S0) for flock 4 (control).
>>These diets were given to the ducks from 28 to 70 days of age
>>and given in the evening.
>
>The results are very interesting. The cost of of feed per kg gain is 5139
>VD for Flock 1 with final average liveweight of 1.855 kg per duck while it
>is only 2446 VD for Flock 4 with a final average liveweight of 1.592 kg
per
>duck. So it seems to me that you are making more money with Flock 4 (i.e.
>without supplementary feed).
>
>Q: Could you provide some figures based net profits from the full plumage
>Flock 1 ducks and Flock 4 ducks.
First, I confused typing 'feed cost/kg gain' instead of right words 'feed
cost/gain'. Even 'feed cost/gain' of treatment 3 (FM) must be typed 4457
instead of 34457.
Flock 1: Lwt. sale price/bird = 1.855kg x 10500VND/kg =19477 VND
28-day duckling price/bird = 7600 VND; Cost feed/gain = 5139
Net benefit = 19477-(7600+5139) = 6738 VND
Flock 4: Lwt. Sale price/bird = 1.592kg x 9000 = 14328 VND
Net benefit/bird = 14328-(7600+2446) = 4282 VND
>My understanding is however incomplete since I dont fully understand:
>>The flock 1 ducks began moulting at 63 days of age,
>>while flock 4 still had the original plumage at 70 days
>>of age. Ducks with full plumage sold at a higher price
>>(12%) than those in flock 4. However, all four flocks
>>were in much better condition than flocks fed and
>>managed by the traditional methods of the farmers
>>in the hamlet. .
>
>Q: Flock 1 shed their original feathers at 63 days of age and "full
>plumage" would mean that because of their second set of feathers, they
sell
>for 12 % higher price. How old are the ducks at this stage ?
Consumers like to buy the ducks (crossbred) at 63 days of age with their
full plumage (ducks fed enough food) because it is easy to pick their
feathers when the ducks slaughtered. On the other hand, the carcass of
ducks cooked will give good tastes. From 63 days afterward the ducks will
partially moult their feathers, and they slowly grow, too. Also, it is
difficult to pick their new feathers because of very small and short.
>Q: how old do Flock 4 ducks need to be to attain the same "full plumage" ?
75-80 days of age.
>>..were in much better condition than flocks fed and
>>managed by the traditional methods of the farmers
>>in the hamlet.
>
>what is the traditional method(s) ?
Use of local feeds (several fresh raw materials) to feed ducks, sometimes
the diets imbalanced
Herding the ducks in the fields for scavenging
Use most of indigenous breeds or crossbred ones
>>Over the same time period and with
>>the same breed reared, several local farmers finished
>>their ducks at 75 days of age, with average live weights
>>from only 1.2 to 1.3 kg and with poor quality carcases.
>
>The final liveweight of a duck from the Flock 4 was 1.592 kg when allowed
>to scavenge on rice fields after harvest where else other 75 day old ducks
>reared by local farmers reach only 1.2-1.3 kg.
>
>why is this so ? How different is the rearing system of local farmers and
>scavenging on post-harvest rice fields?
The ducks were lacked of foods at the flood time
Infected some diseases and high mortality (some flocks up to 10%!)
No supplements to the ducks. The poor has not enough money for investments
Managing and herding the ducks were limited by rainy season
>As I found your research paper most interesting, I have more
>questions.....some of them seek more information for better understand of
>the situation in Vietnam and I hope that this will foster better
>international appreciation of the work done by Mr. Men and his group.
>
>Table 4 in your paper
>(http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/men/paper.htm1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet), you looked at
the
>estimates of feed costs for Experiment 1. Your experiments were set up
>with 5 groups of ducks so that you could replace progressively (30, 45, 60
>and 100 %) the use of roasted soyabeans with duckweed.
>
>It was interesting to note that when duckweed is purchased, there was
>little or no savings in replacing soyabean with purchased duckweed. In
fact
>it actually proved to be more expensive using duckweed except for the case
>with 100 % replacement (11,589 VD per kg gain for no replacement). However
>when duckweed was grown by the farmer whereby you assumed that labour was,
>there was savings made; with 100 % replacement of roasted soyabean, you
got
>a saving of 5091 VD per kg gain by the ducks or 78 % savings. The 6,498 VD
>costs goes to the costs of broken rice, premix and salt.
I am trying to determine how much of labour may be required by a duck
farmer and how much of land is needed to cultivate the duckweed.
>In experiment 1 , with complete replacement of roasted soyabean, you need
>566 g/day per duck. Suppose a farmer has 200 ducks, this means you need
>113.2 kg per day. Rodriguez et al's paper provided yield potentials of 100
>g/m2/day duckweed freshweight. This means that you will need 1132 m2 water
>surface alone to grow the needed duckweed for 200 ducks. Of course this
>space also serves as an area for the absorption of wastes from the ducks
>and therefore has a pollution control value. The productive value of this
>land as a producer of duckweed, as extrapolated from the results of
>Experiment 1 (assuming 4 flocks of 200 ducks per year) would be about 5.6
>million VD (1.8 x 78% x 5000 VD x 200 ducks x 4 flocks) (or 510 USD).
>Though internationally, 510 USD is not much, I dont know what is the value
>to a duck farmer. A useful comparative value is to find out what the
1132m2
>piece of farm land would cost in the Mekong Delta.
>
>My question is therefore: how many duck farmers (households) with a target
>of 200 ducks flock will have about a plot of 2000 m2 land for their home
>and to raise the ducks ?
Many farmers with more or less 200 ducks flock in a homestead of more or
less 2000 square meter land. We can not count/survey all of them! Even the
farmers intended to raise 200 ducks, for example, but they could flexibly
change their target in any time if they feel to get more or less benefits
in different seasons.
The duck producers raise their ducks with numbers of more or less 200 heads
depend on marketing commands and their investment ability if they think of
getting more benefits. Ducks are very easy to raise than other poultry.
Some farmers they can raise up to 1000 crossbred ducks in a pond-garden
area of 2000m2 land and finish them for over 2 months of age by feeding
ducks with a mash, especially in dry season when a price of ducks sold with
a high price (sometimes price of meat ducks was 1.5 times higher than those
produced in other season). At present, there is a very common status being
many households raise around 10-50 ducks (Muscovy/common ducks) in their
pond-gardens and feed the ducks by local feeds to get products (meat/eggs)
for their home consumption and cash.
If any investment limited the raisers can grow duckweed to replace
partially or completely protein feed in their duck diets. A 1000m2 area of
pond water surface grown duckweed and reasonably enriched by effluent or
wastewater can produce enough supplement protein for 200 young crossbred
ducks in the Mekong Delta condition. Duckweed is grown commonly in waste
water ponds of the Mekong Delta now!
>How much time would it take for a farmer to harvest the duckweed twice a
>day ?
Depending on amounts of duckweed the farmer wants to gather, around 40-60
minutes for 80-100kg fresh duckweed.
>What is the average number of ducks a farmer would have in order to make
it
>a livelihood.?
200 crossbred ducks for meat in each batch or 100 laying ducks for eggs
Best Regards
Bui Xuan Men
Cantho University, VN; E-mail bxmen@ctu.edu.vn
From root@zappa.fie.com Tue Nov 17 20:38:55 1998
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From: "FEDIX Opportunity Alert"
Subject: 1 New Opportunity
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Today's FEDIX OPPORTUNITY ALERT!!! search has found 1 opportunity
that matches your Personal Interests Profile. Enclosed below are
the first 20 lines of each matching opportunity. To view the complete
text, go to the URL listed immediately below the announcement.
======================= Item 1 of 1 =======================
TITLE: EPA/NSF PARTNERSHIP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH - NSF
>
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
> Interagency Announcement
> of Opportunity for Grants in
> Decision-making and Valuation For Environmental Policy
>
> CLOSING DATE: February 1, 1999
>
> ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
> NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
>
> 1.0 INTRODUCTION
> The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Science
> Foundation (NSF) announce their intent to continue to support an
> extramural grants program in fundamental environmental research in
> Fiscal Year (FY) 1999. This EPA/NSF competition has been developed
> based on a Memorandum of Understanding between the agencies which
> establishes a partnership emphasizing the support and merit
> review of fundamental environmental research. This is the fifth year of
> the joint special awards competition. Information on awards made in the
> FY 1995 through 1998 competitions may be found on the Internet through:
> http://www.nsf.gov.edu/proceedings/icibs/men/paper.htm1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet or
> http://www.epa.gov/NCERQA.ceedings/icibs/men/paper.htm1.pdf/w2220anet/sasianet
>
> The four research areas targeted this year are:
>
> Water and Watersheds
URL : http://web.fie.com/htdoc/usoa/nsf/any/any/proc/any/nsf9914.htm220anet/sasianet
Matching Keywords :
Environmental Protection Agency
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From: "Dr. B.K.Mishra"