Subject: Indian Reptiles -- Part I
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Dear NHN Members :
There are almost 500 Indian reptiles and we assessed nearly all of them in
the CAMP Workshop. Therefore this message will be in 2 or maybe even 4 parts.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop for Reptiles
of India
Hosted by the Forest Department of Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore
Organised and facilitated by Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG, India
Indian reptiles, which are about 500 taxa in number have a good
representation of endemics. Nearly forty-four percent (44%) of the assessed
reptiles are endemic to India. The total endemic taxa may not be
significantly more than this because all of the known endemics were assessed
at the workshop. Western Ghats is the richest region in India with respect
to endemic reptiles. Ninety-five taxa are endemic to this biogeographic
region with 10 more taxa sharing their distribution with adjacent areas.
Northeastern India, which has a very high diversity among reptiles does not
have many endemics within the Indian context because of the jagged political
boundary of the country. Though restricted in their distribution in this
region, locations of many reptiles are found outside India thereby making
them Indian political non-endemics. The case is similar in northern and
northwestern India with many species ranging across neighbouring countries
such as Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan and Tibet. A graph depicting reptilian
distribution is given in the main report.
One hundred and ten endemic taxa and 88 non-endemic reptiles are threatened
according to the assessment at the workshop, based on the 1994 IUCN Red list
categories. The high percentage of endemic taxa being threatened is due to
restricted distribution of these taxa along with other man-induced threats
to their wellbeing. Reptile are poorly studied group since information
regarding distribution, population dynamics and threats are incomplete and
most of the information available is from only a few well studied locations.
Threats perceived to Indian reptiles are more physical in nature, such as
those by habitat destruction, fragmentation, agricultural
practices, pollution, pesticides and other kinds of human interference.
Trade is also a contributing factor in threatening some reptile taxa in India.
Categorisation of taxa was done according to the <<1994 IUCN Red List>>
categories. For a taxon to be threatened, any one of the five criteria
within the categories has to be satisfied. These criteria or factors that
are used in a categorisation of threat are 1. Population reduction; 2.
Restricted distribution; 3. Population estimates; 4. Restricted population
and 5 Probability of extinction. The degree of threat depending on each or
any of these five criteria determines the threat category.
Table 1. Status of assessed Reptiles in India
Category Endemic Non Endemic
Extinct (EX) 0 0
Extinct in the Wild (EW) 0 0
Critically Endangered (CR) 16 16
Endangered (EN) 32 20
Vulnerable (VU) 62 52
Lower Risk - near threatened (LR-nt) 37 68
Lower Risk - least concern (LR-lc) 9 38
Lower Risk - conservation dependent (LR-cd) 0 0
Date Deficient (DD) 41 59
Total evaluated at this workshop 197 253
One of the major outcomes of this workshop was the post-assessment research
and management recommendations for every reptile taxon. Participants
identified lacunae areas that need prioritisation and this is indicated in
the recommendation section. Survey and monitoring are the most frequently
recommended research and management tools for understanding distribution and
trends of reptile populations. The workshop was also an ideal forum to
discuss controversial issues such as taxonomy and nomenclature of Indian
reptiles. In the recent years, a few taxonomists have suggested frequent
changes in generic names of some reptiles in India, which has led to
confusion among field biologists. Unfortunately, due to lack of time, no
special issue working groups could be convened to formally discuss the above
controversies. However, it was felt that most of the biologists were happy
to be able to discuss those issues within their working groups while
assessing the status. It was also felt that a need for a network to
identify and bring together reptile researchers in and around India required
urgent action.
LIST OF SPECIES ASSESSED AND STATUS
Endemic Species
1. Ahaetulla dispar (Gunther) -- LRnt
2. Ahaetulla perroteti Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
3. Alsophylax boehmi Szczerbak -- VU -- (D2)
4. Amphiesma beddomei (Gunther) -- LRnt
5. Amphiesma khasiensis (Boulenger) -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
6. Amphiesma monticola (Jerdon) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
7. Amphiesma nicobariensis (Sclater) -- DD
8. Amphiesma pealii (Sclater) -- DD
9. Amphiesma xenura (Wall) -- DD
10. Aspideretes leithii (Gray) -- VU -- (A1b)
11. Barkudia insularis Annandale -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
12. Boiga andamanensis (Wall) -- DD
13. Boiga dightoni (Boulenger) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
14. Brachyophidium rhodogaster Wall -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
15. Bronchocela danieli (Tiwari & Biswas) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
16. Bufoniceps laungwalansis (Sharma) -- VU -- (D2)
17. Bungarus andamanensis Biswas & Sanyal -- VU -- (D2)
18. Calliophis beddomei (Smith) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
19. Calliophis bibroni (Jan) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
20. Calliophis melanurus nigrescens Gunther -- LRnt
21. Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2bd)
22. Calotes ellioti Gunther -- LRnt
23. Calotes andamanensis Boulenger -- VU -- (D2)
24. Calotes grandisquamis Gunther -- LRnt
25. Calotes nemoricola Jerdon -- VU -- (B1, 2ac)
26. Calotes rouxii Dumeril & Bibron -- LRnt
27. Chalcides pentadactylus (Beddome) -- CR -- (B1, 2b)
28. Cnemaspis beddomei (Theobald) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
29. Cnemaspis boiei (Gray) -- DD
30. Cnemaspis goaensis Sharma -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
31. Cnemaspis indica (Gray) -- VU -- (B1, 2ac; D2)
32. Cnemaspis jerdonii jerdonii (Theobald) -- VU -- (B1, 2bc; D2)
33. Cnemaspis littoralis (Jerdon) -- LRnt
34. Cnemaspis mysoriensis (Jerdon) -- DD
35. Cnemaspis nairi Inger, Marx & Koshy -- CR -- (B1, 2ac)
36. Cnemaspis ornatus (Beddome) -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
37. Cnemaspis sisparensis (Theobald) -- EN -- (B1, 2ac)
38. Cnemaspis wynadensis (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2bc)
39. Coluber bholanathi Sharma -- VU -- (D2)
40. Coluber gracilis (Gunther) -- LRnt
41. Coronella brachyura (Gunther) -- LRnt
42. Coryphophylax subcristatus (Blyth) -- LRlc
43. Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus (Blyth) -- VU -- (D2)
44. Cyrtodactylus gubernatoris (Annandale) -- DD
45. Cyrtodactylus khasiensis khasiensis (Jerdon) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
46. Cyrtodactylus lawderanus (Stoliczka) -- VU -- (D2)
47. Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi (Constable) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
48. Cyrtodactylus mansarulus (Duda & Sahl) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
49. Cyrtodactylus rubidus (Blyth) -- VU -- (D2)
50. Dasia nicobarensis Biswas & Sanyal -- EN -- (B1, 2abc)
51. Dasia subcaeruleum (Boulenger) -- DD
52. Dendrelaphis grandoculis Boulenger -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
53. Dendrelaphis humayuni Tiwari & Biswas -- VU -- (D2)
54. Dendrelaphis pictus andamanensis (Anderson) -- VU -- (D2)
55. Dibamus nicobaricum (Fitzinger in: Steindachner) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
56. Dinodon gammiei (Blanford) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
57. Draco dussumieri (Dumeril & Bibron) -- LRnt
58. Echis carinatus carinatus (Schenider) -- LRnt
59. Elaphe helena monticollaris Schulz -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
60. Enhydris dussumieri Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
61. Eryx whitakeri Das -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
62. Eumeces poonaensis Sharma -- CR -- (B1, 2abc)
63. Gekko verreauxi (Tylter) -- VU -- (D2)
64. Geckoella dekkanensis (Gunther) -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
65. Geckoella jeyporensis (Beddome) -- DD
66. Geckoella nebulosa (Beddome) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
67. Geoemyda silvatica Henderson -- VU -- (B1, 2abc)
68. Gonglylosoma nicobariensis Stoliczka -- DD
69. Hemidactylus anamallensis (Gunther) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
70. Hemidactylus giganteus Stoliczka -- LRnt
71. Hemidactylus gracilis Blanford -- VU -- (D2)
72. Hemidactylus maculatus maculatus Dumeril & Bibron -- LRlc
73. Hemidactylus mahendrai Shukla -- VU -- (D2)
74. Hemidactylus porbandarensis Sharma -- VU -- (D2)
75. Hemidactylus prashadi Smith -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
76. Hemidactylus reticulatus Beddome -- LRnt
77. Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
78. Hemiphyllodactylus typus aurantiacus Beddome -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
79. Indotestudo forstenii (Schlegel & Muller) -- LRnt
80. Japalura major (Jerdon) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
81. Kachuga tentoria circumdata Mertens -- VU -- (A1ac)
82. Kachuga tentoria tentoria (Gray) -- LRnt
83. Lipinia macrotympanum Stoliczka -- VU -- (D2)
84. Lycodon flavomaculatus Wall -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
85. Lycodon mackinnoni Wall -- VU -- (B1, 2bcd; D2)
86. Lycodon tiwarii Biswas & Sanyal -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
87. Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome) -- LRnt
88. Lygosoma ashwamedhi (Sharma) -- VU -- (D2)-
89. Lygosoma goaensis (Sharma) -- DD
90. Lygosoma guentheri (Peters) -- LRnt
91. Lygosoma lineata (Gray) -- LRnt
92. Lygosoma pruthi (Sharma) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
93. Mabuya allapallensis Schmidt -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
94. Mabuya andamanensis Smith -- VU -- (D2)
95. Mabuya clivicola Inger, Shaffer, Koshy & Bakde -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
96. Mabuya gansi Das -- VU -- (D2)
97. Mabuya innotatus (Blanford) -- DD
98. Mabuya nagarjuni Sharma -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
99. Mabuya trivittata (Hardwicke & Gray) -- LRlc
100. Mabuya tytlerii (Tytler's in : Theobald) -- VU -- (D2)
Zoo Outreach Organisation ( Z. O. O.)
Box 1683, Coimbatore, 640 004 India
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A positive, constructive, creative and humble
conservation, education, networking, and animal
welfare organisation for India and parts of Asia
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From: "ZOO OUTREACH ORGANISATION, COIMBATORE,INDIA"
To: Natural History of South Asia - General discussion and research
Subject: Indian Reptiles - Part II of 4 parts
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101. Melanochelys trijuga coronata (Anderson) -- VU -- (A1c)
102. Melanochelys trijuga trijuga (Schweigger) -- LRnt
103. Melanophidium bilineatum Beddome -- DD
104. Melanophidium punctatum Beddome -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
105. Melanophidium wynaadensis (Beddome) -- DD
106. Mictopholis austeniana (Annandale) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
107. Naja sagittifera Wall -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
108. Oligodon affinis Gunther -- LRnt
109. Oligodon brevicaudus Gunther -- LRnt
110. Oligodon erythrorhachis Wall -- DD
111. Oligodon juglandifer (Wall) -- EN -- (B1, 2bcd)
112. Oligodon melaneus Wall -- DD
113. Oligodon melazonotus Wall -- DD
114. Oligodon nikhili Whitaker & Dattatri -- CR -- (B1, 2cde)
115. Oligodon travancoricum Beddome -- EN -- (B1, 2abc)
116. Oligodon venustum Jerdon -- LRnt
117. Oligodon woodmasoni (Sclater) -- DD
118. Ophisops leschenaultii leschenaultii (Milne-Edwards) -- LRlc
119. Ophisops beddomei (Jerdon) -- LRnt
120. Ophisops microlepis (Blanford) -- LRlc
121. Ophisops minor nictans Arnold -- LRnt
122. Oriocalotes paulus Smith -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
123. Otocryptis beddomeii Boulenger -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
124. Phelsuma andamanense Blyth -- LRlc
125. Phrynocephalus alticola Peters -- VU -- (D2)
126. Platyplectrurus madurensis madurensis Beddome -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
127. Platyplectrurus trilineatus (Beddome) -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
128. Plectrurus aureus Beddome -- DD
129. Plectrurus canaricus (Beddome) -- DD
130. Plectrurus guentheri Beddome -- VU -- (D2)
131. Plectrurus perroteti Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril -- LRlc
132. Psammophilus dorsalis (Gray) -- LRnt
133. Psammophis longifrons Boulenger -- LRnt
134. Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray) -- LRnt
135. Rhabdops olivaceus (Beddome) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
136. Rhinophis fergusonianus Boulenger -- DD
137. Rhinophis sanguineus Beddome -- DD
138. Rhinophis travancoricus Boulenger -- DD
139. Ristella beddomii Boulenger -- VU -- (B1, 2bc)
140. Ristella guentheri Boulenger -- VU -- (B1, 2ac)
141. Ristella rurkii Gray -- VU -- (B1, 2bc)
142. Ristella travancoricus (Beddome) -- VU -- (B1, 2b; D2)
143. Salea anamallayana (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2ac)
144. Salea horsfieldii (Gray) -- EN -- (B1, 2ac)
145. Scincella bilineatum (Gray) -- DD
146. Scincella macrotis (Fitzinger in: Steindachner) -- VU -- (D2)
147. Scincella tragbulense (Alcock) -- VU -- (D2)
148. Scincella travancoricum (Beddome) -- VU -- (B1, 2b)
149. Sepsophis punctatus Beddome -- EN -- (B1, 2bd)
150. Sibynophis subpunctatus subpunctatus (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril) -- LRnt
151. Sphenomorphus courcyanum (Annandale) -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
152. Stoliczkaia khasiensis Jerdon -- DD
153. Takydromus haughtonianus (Jerdon) -- VU -- (D2)
154. Teratolepis albofasciatus (Grandison & Soman) -- DD
155. Teretrurus sanguineus Beddome -- DD
156. Trachischium laeve Peracca -- DD
157. Trimeresurus cantori Blyth -- VU -- (D2)
158. Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw) -- LRnt
159. Trimeresurus labialis Fitzinger in Steindachner -- DD
160. Trimeresurus macrolepis Beddome -- LRnt
161. Trimeresurus malabaricus (Jerdon) -- LRnt
162. Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus andersoni Theobald -- VU -- (D2)
163. Trimeresurus strigatus Gray -- LRnt
164. Trimereurus huttoni Smith -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
165. Typhlops andamanensis Stoliczka -- DD
166. Typhlops beddomi Boulenger -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
167. Typhlops bothriorhynchus Gunther -- DD
168. Typhlops loveridgei Constable -- DD
169. Typhlops oatesii Boulenger -- VU -- (D2)
170. Typhlops oligolepis Wall -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
171. Typhlops tennuicollis (Peters) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
172. Typhlops thurstoni Boettger -- DD
173. Typhlops tindalli Smith -- DD
174. Uropeltis macrolepis (Peter) -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
175. Uropeltis arcticeps (Gunther) -- LRnt
176. Uropeltis beddomii (Gunther) -- DD
177. Uropeltis broughami (Beddome) -- DD
178. Uropeltis ceylanicus Cuvier -- LRlc
179. Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome) -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
180. Uropeltis ellioti (Gray) -- LRnt
181. Uropeltis liura (Gunther) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
182. Uropeltis macrorhynchus (Beddome) -- DD
183. Uropeltis maculatus (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
184. Uropeltis myhendrae Beddome -- DD
185. Uropeltis nitidus (Beddome) -- DD
186. Uropeltis ocellatus (Beddome) -- LRlc
187. Uropeltis petersi (Beddome) -- DD
188. Uropeltis phipsonii (Mason) -- LRnt
189. Uropeltis pulneyensis (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
190. Uropeltis rubrolineatus (Gunther) -- LRnt
191. Uropeltis rubromaculatus (Beddome) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
192. Uropeltis smithi Gans -- DD
193. Uropeltis woodmasoni (Thebold) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
194. Varanas salvator nicobariensis Deraiyagala -- LRnt
195. Varanus salvator andamanensis Deraniyagala -- VU -- (A1a, 1c)
196. Xylophis perroteti Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril -- VU -- (B1, 2c; D2)
197. Xylophis stenorhynchus (Gunther) -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
Next message will include Non-Endemic species, list of institutions which
participated in the workshop and a sample Taxon Data Module.
Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, B. A. Daniel
Zoo Outreach Organisation ( Z. O. O.)
Box 1683, Coimbatore, 640 004 India
zzzzzzzz o o
z o o o o
z o o o o
z o o o o
z o o o o
z o o o o
z o o o o
zzzzzzzz oo oo
A positive, constructive, creative and humble
conservation, education, networking, and animal
welfare organisation for India and parts of Asia